{"id":186,"date":"2026-01-12T16:01:11","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T16:01:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=186"},"modified":"2026-01-12T16:01:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T16:01:12","slug":"polar-coordinates-and-conic-sections-get-stronger-answer-key","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/chapter\/polar-coordinates-and-conic-sections-get-stronger-answer-key\/","title":{"raw":"Polar Coordinates and Conic Sections: Get Stronger Answer Key","rendered":"Polar Coordinates and Conic Sections: Get Stronger Answer Key"},"content":{"raw":"<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understanding Polar Coordinates<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234849\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_201.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/6 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 3.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234852\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_203.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking 7\u03c0\/6 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 0, that is, it marks the origin.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234854\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_205.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/4 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 1.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234856\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_207.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/2 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 1.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]B\\begin{array}{cc}\\left(3,\\dfrac{\\text{-}\\pi }{3}\\right)\\hfill &amp; B\\left(-3,\\dfrac{2\\pi }{3}\\right)\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]D\\left(5,\\dfrac{7\\pi }{6}\\right)D\\left(-5,\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\left(5,-0.927\\right)\\hfill &amp; \\left(-5,-0.927+\\pi \\right)\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(10,-0.927\\right)\\left(-10,-0.927+\\pi \\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(2\\sqrt{3},-0.524\\right)\\left(-2\\sqrt{3},-0.524+\\pi \\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\\text{-}\\sqrt{3},\\hfill &amp; -1\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}-\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2},\\hfill &amp; \\dfrac{-1}{2}\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}0,\\hfill &amp; 0\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetry with respect to the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis, [latex]y[\/latex]-axis, and origin.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetric with respect to [latex]x[\/latex]-axis only.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetry with respect to [latex]x[\/latex]-axis only.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Line [latex]y=x[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]y=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234900\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_210.jpg\" alt=\"A hyperbola with vertices at (\u22124, 0) and (4, 0), the first pointing out into quadrants II and III and the second pointing out into quadrants I and IV.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\nHyperbola; polar form [latex]{r}^{2}\\cos\\left(2\\theta \\right)=16[\/latex] or [latex]{r}^{2}=16\\sec\\theta [\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234902\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_212.jpg\" alt=\"A straight line with slope 3 and y intercept \u22122.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]r=\\dfrac{2}{3\\cos\\theta -\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234904\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_214.jpg\" alt=\"A circle of radius 2 with center at (2, \u03c0\/2).\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=4y[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234906\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_216.jpg\" alt=\"A spiral starting at the origin and crossing \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 1 and 2, \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 3 and 4, \u03b8 = 3\u03c0\/2 between 4 and 5, \u03b8 = 0 between 6 and 7, \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 7 and 8, and \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 9 and 10.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]x\\tan\\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}=y[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234909\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_218.jpg\" alt=\"A cardioid with the upper heart part at the origin and the rest of the cardioid oriented up.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234911\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_220.jpg\" alt=\"A cardioid with the upper heart part at the origin and the rest of the cardioid oriented down.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234914\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_222.jpg\" alt=\"A rose with four petals that reach their furthest extent from the origin at \u03b8 = 0, \u03c0\/2, \u03c0, and 3\u03c0\/2.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]x[\/latex]- and [latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry and symmetry about the pole<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234916\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_224.jpg\" alt=\"A rose with three petals that reach their furthest extent from the origin at \u03b8 = 0, 2\u03c0\/3, and 4\u03c0\/3.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]x[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234918\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_226.jpg\" alt=\"The infinity symbol with the crossing point at the origin and with the furthest extent of the two petals being at \u03b8 = 0 and \u03c0.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\n[latex]x[\/latex]- and [latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry and symmetry about the pole<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234921\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_228.jpg\" alt=\"A spiral that starts at the origin crossing the line \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 3 and 4, \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 6 and 7, \u03b8 = 3\u03c0\/2 between 9 and 10, \u03b8 = 0 between 12 and 13, \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 15 and 16, and \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 18 and 19.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\r\nno symmetry<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }{\\sin}^{2}\\theta d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]32{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}{\\sin}^{2}\\left(2\\theta \\right)d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{1}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{\\pi }^{2\\pi }{\\left(1-\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }_{{\\sin}^{-1}\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}{\\left(2 - 3\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\pi }{\\left(1 - 2\\cos\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta -{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}{\\left(1 - 2\\cos\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]4{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}d\\theta +16{\\displaystyle\\int }{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}\\left({\\cos}^{2}\\theta \\right)d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]9\\pi [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9\\pi }{4}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9\\pi }{8}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{18\\pi -27\\sqrt{3}}{2}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{4}{3}\\left(4\\pi -3\\sqrt{3}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{3}{2}\\left(4\\pi -3\\sqrt{3}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]2\\pi -4[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{2\\pi }\\sqrt{{\\left(1+\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}+{\\cos}^{2}\\theta }d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\sqrt{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{1}{e}^{\\theta }d\\theta [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\sqrt{10}}{3}\\left({e}^{6}-1\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]32[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]6.238[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]2[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]4.39[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]A=\\pi {\\left(\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}\\right)}^{2}=\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}\\text{ and }\\dfrac{1}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }\\left(1+2\\sin\\theta \\cos\\theta \\right)d\\theta =\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]C=2\\pi \\left(\\dfrac{3}{2}\\right)=3\\pi \\text{ and }{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }3d\\theta =3\\pi [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]C=2\\pi \\left(5\\right)=10\\pi \\text{ and }{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }10d\\theta =10\\pi [\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\\dfrac{{f}^{\\prime }\\left(\\theta \\right)\\sin\\theta +f\\left(\\theta \\right)\\cos\\theta }{{f}^{\\prime }\\left(\\theta \\right)\\cos\\theta -f\\left(\\theta \\right)\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is [latex]\\dfrac{1}{\\sqrt{3}}[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is [latex]0[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">At [latex]\\left(4,0\\right)[\/latex], the slope is undefined. At [latex]\\left(-4,\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}\\right)[\/latex], the slope is 0.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is undefined at [latex]\\theta =\\dfrac{\\pi }{4}[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Slope =[latex] \u22121[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Slope is [latex]\\dfrac{-2}{\\pi }[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Calculator answer: [latex]\u22120.836.[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Horizontal tangent at [latex]\\left(\\pm\\sqrt{2},\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex], [latex]\\left(\\pm\\sqrt{2},-\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Horizontal tangents at [latex]\\dfrac{\\pi }{2},\\dfrac{7\\pi }{6},\\dfrac{11\\pi }{6}[\/latex]. Vertical tangents at [latex]\\dfrac{\\pi }{6},\\dfrac{5\\pi }{6}[\/latex] and also at the pole [latex]\\left(0,0\\right)[\/latex].<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Conic Sections<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{y}^{2}=16x[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{x}^{2}=2y[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{x}^{2}=-4\\left(y - 3\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\left(x+3\\right)}^{2}=8\\left(y - 3\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{13}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{4}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{\\left(y - 1\\right)}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{\\left(x+3\\right)}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{25}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{11}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{7}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{9}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{\\left(y+2\\right)}^{2}}{4}-\\dfrac{{\\left(x+2\\right)}^{2}}{32}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{4}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{32}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=1[\/latex], parabola<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=\\dfrac{1}{2}[\/latex], ellipse<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=3[\/latex], hyperbola<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]r=\\dfrac{4}{5+\\cos\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]r=\\dfrac{4}{1+2\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Hyperbola<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Ellipse<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Ellipse<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understanding Polar Coordinates<\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234849\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_201.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/6 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 3.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234852\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_203.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking 7\u03c0\/6 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 0, that is, it marks the origin.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234854\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_205.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/4 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 1.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234856\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_207.jpg\" alt=\"On the polar coordinate plane, a ray is drawn from the origin marking \u03c0\/2 and a point is drawn when this line crosses the circle with radius 1.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]B\\begin{array}{cc}\\left(3,\\dfrac{\\text{-}\\pi }{3}\\right)\\hfill & B\\left(-3,\\dfrac{2\\pi }{3}\\right)\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]D\\left(5,\\dfrac{7\\pi }{6}\\right)D\\left(-5,\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cc}\\left(5,-0.927\\right)\\hfill & \\left(-5,-0.927+\\pi \\right)\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(10,-0.927\\right)\\left(-10,-0.927+\\pi \\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(2\\sqrt{3},-0.524\\right)\\left(-2\\sqrt{3},-0.524+\\pi \\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}\\text{-}\\sqrt{3},\\hfill & -1\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}-\\dfrac{\\sqrt{3}}{2},\\hfill & \\dfrac{-1}{2}\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\left(\\begin{array}{cc}0,\\hfill & 0\\hfill \\end{array}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetry with respect to the [latex]x[\/latex]-axis, [latex]y[\/latex]-axis, and origin.<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetric with respect to [latex]x[\/latex]-axis only.<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Symmetry with respect to [latex]x[\/latex]-axis only.<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Line [latex]y=x[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]y=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234900\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_210.jpg\" alt=\"A hyperbola with vertices at (\u22124, 0) and (4, 0), the first pointing out into quadrants II and III and the second pointing out into quadrants I and IV.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\nHyperbola; polar form [latex]{r}^{2}\\cos\\left(2\\theta \\right)=16[\/latex] or [latex]{r}^{2}=16\\sec\\theta[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234902\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_212.jpg\" alt=\"A straight line with slope 3 and y intercept \u22122.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]r=\\dfrac{2}{3\\cos\\theta -\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234904\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_214.jpg\" alt=\"A circle of radius 2 with center at (2, \u03c0\/2).\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}=4y[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234906\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_216.jpg\" alt=\"A spiral starting at the origin and crossing \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 1 and 2, \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 3 and 4, \u03b8 = 3\u03c0\/2 between 4 and 5, \u03b8 = 0 between 6 and 7, \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 7 and 8, and \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 9 and 10.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]x\\tan\\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}=y[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234909\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_218.jpg\" alt=\"A cardioid with the upper heart part at the origin and the rest of the cardioid oriented up.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234911\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_220.jpg\" alt=\"A cardioid with the upper heart part at the origin and the rest of the cardioid oriented down.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234914\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_222.jpg\" alt=\"A rose with four petals that reach their furthest extent from the origin at \u03b8 = 0, \u03c0\/2, \u03c0, and 3\u03c0\/2.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]x[\/latex]&#8211; and [latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry and symmetry about the pole<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234916\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_224.jpg\" alt=\"A rose with three petals that reach their furthest extent from the origin at \u03b8 = 0, 2\u03c0\/3, and 4\u03c0\/3.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]x[\/latex]-axis symmetry<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234918\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_226.jpg\" alt=\"The infinity symbol with the crossing point at the origin and with the furthest extent of the two petals being at \u03b8 = 0 and \u03c0.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\n[latex]x[\/latex]&#8211; and [latex]y[\/latex]-axis symmetry and symmetry about the pole<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"background-color: initial; font-size: 0.9em;\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4175\/2019\/04\/11234921\/CNX_Calc_Figure_11_03_228.jpg\" alt=\"A spiral that starts at the origin crossing the line \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 3 and 4, \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 6 and 7, \u03b8 = 3\u03c0\/2 between 9 and 10, \u03b8 = 0 between 12 and 13, \u03b8 = \u03c0\/2 between 15 and 16, and \u03b8 = \u03c0 between 18 and 19.\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><br \/>\nno symmetry<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Area and Arc Length in Polar Coordinates<\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }{\\sin}^{2}\\theta d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]32{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}{\\sin}^{2}\\left(2\\theta \\right)d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{1}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{\\pi }^{2\\pi }{\\left(1-\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }_{{\\sin}^{-1}\\left(\\frac{2}{3}\\right)}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}{\\left(2 - 3\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\pi }{\\left(1 - 2\\cos\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta -{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}{\\left(1 - 2\\cos\\theta \\right)}^{2}d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]4{\\displaystyle\\int }{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}d\\theta +16{\\displaystyle\\int }{\\frac{\\pi}{3}}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}}\\left({\\cos}^{2}\\theta \\right)d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]9\\pi[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9\\pi }{4}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{9\\pi }{8}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{18\\pi -27\\sqrt{3}}{2}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{4}{3}\\left(4\\pi -3\\sqrt{3}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{3}{2}\\left(4\\pi -3\\sqrt{3}\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]2\\pi -4[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{2\\pi }\\sqrt{{\\left(1+\\sin\\theta \\right)}^{2}+{\\cos}^{2}\\theta }d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\sqrt{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{1}{e}^{\\theta }d\\theta[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\sqrt{10}}{3}\\left({e}^{6}-1\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]32[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]6.238[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]2[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]4.39[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]A=\\pi {\\left(\\dfrac{\\sqrt{2}}{2}\\right)}^{2}=\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}\\text{ and }\\dfrac{1}{2}{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }\\left(1+2\\sin\\theta \\cos\\theta \\right)d\\theta =\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]C=2\\pi \\left(\\dfrac{3}{2}\\right)=3\\pi \\text{ and }{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }3d\\theta =3\\pi[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]C=2\\pi \\left(5\\right)=10\\pi \\text{ and }{\\displaystyle\\int }_{0}^{\\pi }10d\\theta =10\\pi[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\\dfrac{{f}^{\\prime }\\left(\\theta \\right)\\sin\\theta +f\\left(\\theta \\right)\\cos\\theta }{{f}^{\\prime }\\left(\\theta \\right)\\cos\\theta -f\\left(\\theta \\right)\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is [latex]\\dfrac{1}{\\sqrt{3}}[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is [latex]0[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">At [latex]\\left(4,0\\right)[\/latex], the slope is undefined. At [latex]\\left(-4,\\dfrac{\\pi }{2}\\right)[\/latex], the slope is 0.<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">The slope is undefined at [latex]\\theta =\\dfrac{\\pi }{4}[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Slope =[latex]\u22121[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Slope is [latex]\\dfrac{-2}{\\pi }[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Calculator answer: [latex]\u22120.836.[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Horizontal tangent at [latex]\\left(\\pm\\sqrt{2},\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex], [latex]\\left(\\pm\\sqrt{2},-\\dfrac{\\pi }{6}\\right)[\/latex].<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Horizontal tangents at [latex]\\dfrac{\\pi }{2},\\dfrac{7\\pi }{6},\\dfrac{11\\pi }{6}[\/latex]. Vertical tangents at [latex]\\dfrac{\\pi }{6},\\dfrac{5\\pi }{6}[\/latex] and also at the pole [latex]\\left(0,0\\right)[\/latex].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Conic Sections<\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{y}^{2}=16x[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{x}^{2}=2y[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{x}^{2}=-4\\left(y - 3\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]{\\left(x+3\\right)}^{2}=8\\left(y - 3\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{13}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{4}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{\\left(y - 1\\right)}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{\\left(x+3\\right)}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{16}+\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{12}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{25}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{11}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{7}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{9}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{\\left(y+2\\right)}^{2}}{4}-\\dfrac{{\\left(x+2\\right)}^{2}}{32}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]\\dfrac{{x}^{2}}{4}-\\dfrac{{y}^{2}}{32}=1[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=1[\/latex], parabola<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=\\dfrac{1}{2}[\/latex], ellipse<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]e=3[\/latex], hyperbola<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]r=\\dfrac{4}{5+\\cos\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">[latex]r=\\dfrac{4}{1+2\\sin\\theta }[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Hyperbola<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Ellipse<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Ellipse<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":109,"module-header":"- Select Header -","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":197,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/revisions\/197"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/109"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/186\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=186"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=186"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/qrpracticepages\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}