{"id":832,"date":"2023-03-20T17:27:43","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T17:27:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=832"},"modified":"2025-05-11T18:58:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T18:58:17","slug":"analyzing-statistics-in-media-fresh-take","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/analyzing-statistics-in-media-fresh-take\/","title":{"raw":"Analyzing Statistics in Media: Fresh Take","rendered":"Analyzing Statistics in Media: Fresh Take"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Find information from complex graphical displays<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Data Visualization Using Complex Graphical Displays<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>A <strong>heat map<\/strong> is a visual display of data in the form of a map or diagram in which data values are grouped into different colors.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>A <strong>bubble map<\/strong> is another type of data visualization in which differently-sized bubbles are placed on a map. Shading may be used to represent a second variable in the data set.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>These types of displays are common in the media. Reading or interpreting the information presented in a complex display can be challenging. Always look for a guide to how the display has arranged the data, called a legend or a key. The\u00a0<strong>legend<\/strong>\u00a0of a map\u00a0is the description, explanation, or table of symbols printed on the map\u00a0to aid readers to understand and interpret the map better.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>Please see the following video for an explanation of how to read and interpret these types of complex graphical displays.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">\r\n<p>[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YaGqOPxHFkc[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Misleading Graphs<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\r\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p><strong>Misleading graphs<\/strong> are sometimes created to intentionally misrepresent the data.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Always check the<\/strong> <strong>scale<\/strong> of a graph to be sure it provides a picture complete enough from which you can draw a conclusion.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Ask yourself: \u201c<strong>What information is this graph missing<\/strong>?\" Some graphs are missing a vertical axis or contain two vertical axes with scales that are not equivalent.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p><strong>Key components<\/strong> that should be present in a graphical display:<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Horizontal axis<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Vertical axis<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Clear data lines<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Distinct bars<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">A color legend<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">\r\n<p>The videos below should help you understand how to critique a display for misleading or missing information and how to know when information has been presented appropriately.<br \/>\r\n<iframe id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How to spot a misleading graph - Lea Gaslowitz\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/E91bGT9BjYk?feature=oembed&amp;rel=0\" width=\"1198\" height=\"674\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Design Principles<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\r\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>The <strong>Gestalt Principles<\/strong> for data visualization are:<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Design<\/strong> attributes (color, symbols, and lines\/curves) should be used appropriately.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Precision<\/strong> requires the vertical axis to begin at 0 and not some other number.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Efficiency<\/strong> requires that the effort it takes a reader to understand the display should be minimized.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Time, ink, and space<\/strong> should be used so that the reader can obtain the largest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least amount of ink in the smallest space.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<p>Multivariate graphical displays encourage the reader to make comparisons through the use of similarity, proximity, continuity, or closure.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Similarity<\/strong> is the use of similar colors or shapes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Proximity<\/strong> is the spacing between visual objects.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Connection<\/strong> or continuity creates visual focus for the eyes using lines.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Closure<\/strong> is the practice of using boxes or circles to highlight groups.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">\r\n<p>[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ulPLQNG-vp0[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Find information from complex graphical displays<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Data Visualization Using Complex Graphical Displays<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>A <strong>heat map<\/strong> is a visual display of data in the form of a map or diagram in which data values are grouped into different colors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>A <strong>bubble map<\/strong> is another type of data visualization in which differently-sized bubbles are placed on a map. Shading may be used to represent a second variable in the data set.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>These types of displays are common in the media. Reading or interpreting the information presented in a complex display can be challenging. Always look for a guide to how the display has arranged the data, called a legend or a key. The\u00a0<strong>legend<\/strong>\u00a0of a map\u00a0is the description, explanation, or table of symbols printed on the map\u00a0to aid readers to understand and interpret the map better.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>Please see the following video for an explanation of how to read and interpret these types of complex graphical displays.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What is Data Visualization?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YaGqOPxHFkc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Misleading Graphs<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p><strong>Misleading graphs<\/strong> are sometimes created to intentionally misrepresent the data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Always check the<\/strong> <strong>scale<\/strong> of a graph to be sure it provides a picture complete enough from which you can draw a conclusion.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Ask yourself: \u201c<strong>What information is this graph missing<\/strong>?&#8221; Some graphs are missing a vertical axis or contain two vertical axes with scales that are not equivalent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p><strong>Key components<\/strong> that should be present in a graphical display:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Horizontal axis<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Vertical axis<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"5\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Clear data lines<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\">Distinct bars<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"7\" data-aria-level=\"1\">A color legend<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">\n<p>The videos below should help you understand how to critique a display for misleading or missing information and how to know when information has been presented appropriately.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How to spot a misleading graph - Lea Gaslowitz\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/E91bGT9BjYk?feature=oembed&amp;rel=0\" width=\"1198\" height=\"674\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Design Principles<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\" aria-label=\"Recall\">\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>The <strong>Gestalt Principles<\/strong> for data visualization are:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Design<\/strong> attributes (color, symbols, and lines\/curves) should be used appropriately.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Precision<\/strong> requires the vertical axis to begin at 0 and not some other number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Efficiency<\/strong> requires that the effort it takes a reader to understand the display should be minimized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Time, ink, and space<\/strong> should be used so that the reader can obtain the largest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least amount of ink in the smallest space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<p>Multivariate graphical displays encourage the reader to make comparisons through the use of similarity, proximity, continuity, or closure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Similarity<\/strong> is the use of similar colors or shapes.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Proximity<\/strong> is the spacing between visual objects.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"10\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Connection<\/strong> or continuity creates visual focus for the eyes using lines.<\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559684&quot;:-2,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"11\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><strong>Closure<\/strong> is the practice of using boxes or circles to highlight groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Gestalt principles and data visualization\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ulPLQNG-vp0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" 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