{"id":828,"date":"2023-03-20T17:25:49","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T17:25:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=828"},"modified":"2025-10-05T17:13:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-05T17:13:14","slug":"analyzing-statistics-in-media-learn-it-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/analyzing-statistics-in-media-learn-it-5\/","title":{"raw":"Analyzing Statistics in Media: Learn It 5","rendered":"Analyzing Statistics in Media: Learn It 5"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>More Criteria for Effective Visualization<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Efficiency<\/h3>\r\n<p>The third criterion is <strong>efficiency<\/strong>, which means that the effort required for the reader to understand the purpose of the graphical display is minimal. In order for a graph to be efficient, the graphical display should be clear in communicating patterns or trends.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1370[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h3>Time, Ink, and Space<\/h3>\r\n<p>The fourth, fifth, and sixth criteria are closely related and are <strong>use of time<\/strong>, <strong>use of ink<\/strong>, and <strong>use of space<\/strong>. A graphical display is most effective when it allows the viewer to gain the largest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least amount of ink in the smallest space. With criteria four, five, and six, it is important not to overload the viewer of the graph with too much information. Graphical displays that do not show evidence of these criteria are graphs that have extra colors or symbols that are not needed, or 3-D plots where the third dimension is not relevant to understanding the graph.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1371[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1372[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h3>Multivariate<\/h3>\r\n<p>The seventh criterion is <strong>multivariate<\/strong>, which means displaying more than one variable on a graphical display to encourage the reader to make comparisons. The way that the multivariate criterion can be shown on a graph is through the design principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, or closure.[footnote]Chapter 5.2: Perception. (n.d.). AllPsych. Retrieved from https:\/\/allpsych.com\/psychology101\/perception\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6494\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"637\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6494\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/10\/09221512\/5.3.L.Diagram-1.png\" alt=\"Four different principles of design. The first is labeled similarity and shows a row of blue dots above a row of black dots above another row of blue dots and then another row of black dots. The second is labeled proximity and shows three pairs of close-together lines. The third is labeled continuity and show fours curved lines of dots extending away from a central point in different directions. The final one is labeled closure and shows a circle that doesn't connect in the middle on either side and a square that doesn't connect just on the left side.\" width=\"637\" height=\"195\" \/> Figure 1. Gestalt design principles like similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure help readers understand multivariate data in visual displays.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><em>Similarity<\/em> can be shown in a graphical display through the use of similar colors or shapes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Proximity<\/em> is defined as the spacing between visual objects.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Connection<\/em> or continuity focuses on creating visual focus for the eye using lines.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><em>Closure<\/em> is the practice of using boxes or circles to highlight groups.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>This criterion stems from the Gestalt Principles, which are a set of psychological laws that describe the tendency in the human mind to group items based on similar presentation. Graphical displays of multivariate data (more than two variables present, as opposed to univariate or bivariate data) leverage these principles to aid reader comprehension.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1373[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1374[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1375[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1376[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1377[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>More Criteria for Effective Visualization<\/h2>\n<h3>Efficiency<\/h3>\n<p>The third criterion is <strong>efficiency<\/strong>, which means that the effort required for the reader to understand the purpose of the graphical display is minimal. In order for a graph to be efficient, the graphical display should be clear in communicating patterns or trends.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1370\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1370&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1370&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h3>Time, Ink, and Space<\/h3>\n<p>The fourth, fifth, and sixth criteria are closely related and are <strong>use of time<\/strong>, <strong>use of ink<\/strong>, and <strong>use of space<\/strong>. A graphical display is most effective when it allows the viewer to gain the largest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least amount of ink in the smallest space. With criteria four, five, and six, it is important not to overload the viewer of the graph with too much information. Graphical displays that do not show evidence of these criteria are graphs that have extra colors or symbols that are not needed, or 3-D plots where the third dimension is not relevant to understanding the graph.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1371\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1371&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1371&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1372\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1372&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1372&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h3>Multivariate<\/h3>\n<p>The seventh criterion is <strong>multivariate<\/strong>, which means displaying more than one variable on a graphical display to encourage the reader to make comparisons. The way that the multivariate criterion can be shown on a graph is through the design principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, or closure.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Chapter 5.2: Perception. (n.d.). AllPsych. Retrieved from https:\/\/allpsych.com\/psychology101\/perception\/\" id=\"return-footnote-828-1\" href=\"#footnote-828-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6494\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6494\" style=\"width: 637px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6494\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/10\/09221512\/5.3.L.Diagram-1.png\" alt=\"Four different principles of design. The first is labeled similarity and shows a row of blue dots above a row of black dots above another row of blue dots and then another row of black dots. The second is labeled proximity and shows three pairs of close-together lines. The third is labeled continuity and show fours curved lines of dots extending away from a central point in different directions. The final one is labeled closure and shows a circle that doesn't connect in the middle on either side and a square that doesn't connect just on the left side.\" width=\"637\" height=\"195\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6494\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Gestalt design principles like similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure help readers understand multivariate data in visual displays.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Similarity<\/em> can be shown in a graphical display through the use of similar colors or shapes.<\/li>\n<li><em>Proximity<\/em> is defined as the spacing between visual objects.<\/li>\n<li><em>Connection<\/em> or continuity focuses on creating visual focus for the eye using lines.<\/li>\n<li><em>Closure<\/em> is the practice of using boxes or circles to highlight groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This criterion stems from the Gestalt Principles, which are a set of psychological laws that describe the tendency in the human mind to group items based on similar presentation. Graphical displays of multivariate data (more than two variables present, as opposed to univariate or bivariate data) leverage these principles to aid reader comprehension.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1373\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1373&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1373&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1374\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1374&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1374&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1375\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1375&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1375&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1376\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1376&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1376&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1377\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1377&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1377&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-828-1\">Chapter 5.2: Perception. (n.d.). AllPsych. Retrieved from https:\/\/allpsych.com\/psychology101\/perception\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-828-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":24,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":743,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/828"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/828\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7084,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/828\/revisions\/7084"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/743"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/828\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=828"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=828"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}