{"id":763,"date":"2023-03-08T17:54:10","date_gmt":"2023-03-08T17:54:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/observational-study-dig-deeper\/"},"modified":"2025-05-11T18:46:36","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T18:46:36","slug":"observational-studies-fresh-take","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/observational-studies-fresh-take\/","title":{"raw":"Observational Studies: Fresh Take","rendered":"Observational Studies: Fresh Take"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Recognize observational studies and list the key components<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe confounding factors that may influence an association<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Observational Studies<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\r\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p><b>Observational studies\u00a0<\/b>collect data by observing an outcome. They do not manipulate the variables or randomly assign the participants to treatments.<\/p>\r\n<p>Because of this, observational studies <em>cannot conclude<\/em> that one variable has\u00a0<em>caused<\/em> a change in another. Only a well-designed experiment can conclude a causal association between variables.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>We can identify an observational study by the lack of treatment and control groups. See the video below for a detailed explanation.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">\r\n<p>[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tHFyaoIrV14[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize observational studies and list the key components<\/li>\n<li>Describe confounding factors that may influence an association<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Observational Studies<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\n<h3><strong>The Main Idea<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><b>Observational studies\u00a0<\/b>collect data by observing an outcome. They do not manipulate the variables or randomly assign the participants to treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Because of this, observational studies <em>cannot conclude<\/em> that one variable has\u00a0<em>caused<\/em> a change in another. Only a well-designed experiment can conclude a causal association between variables.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>We can identify an observational study by the lack of treatment and control groups. See the video below for a detailed explanation.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Worked example identifying observational study | Study design | AP Statistics | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tHFyaoIrV14?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":743,"module-header":"fresh_take","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6579,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/revisions\/6579"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/743"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/763\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=763"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=763"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}