{"id":44,"date":"2023-01-31T00:46:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T00:46:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/applications-of-bar-graphs-apply-it-1\/"},"modified":"2025-05-11T19:33:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-11T19:33:45","slug":"applications-of-bar-graphs-apply-it-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/applications-of-bar-graphs-apply-it-1\/","title":{"raw":"Applications of Bar Graphs: Apply It 1","rendered":"Applications of Bar Graphs: Apply It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Create side-by-side and stacked bar graphs using technology<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Use side-by-side and stacked bar graphs to compare different groups<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"635\"><strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"635\">Using Data Displays to Analyze Demographic Change<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1224\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"651\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1224\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/10\/31205750\/pexels-edmond-dante%CC%80s-7103173.jpg\" alt=\"Woman stands in front of a voting booth wearing an &quot;I am a voter&quot; sticker.\" width=\"651\" height=\"434\" \/> Figure 1. Understanding who votes\u2014and how\u2014can help researchers explore how shifting demographics might influence future elections.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>In a previous example, we studied the voting patterns of different groups within the United States and found that voter patterns varied by race in 2020. If we wish to predict potential changes in future voting outcomes, we may want to research the following question: Has the racial composition of the United States population changed across generations?<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"325\" hide_question_numbers=1]762[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">A\u00a0<strong>contingency table\u00a0<\/strong>is a table that displays the results of two categorical variables simultaneously. It is also called a\u00a0<strong>two-way table<\/strong>. <strong>Side-by-side bar graphs<\/strong> present data for two categorical variables from more than one group by creating two bars on the chart for each group \u2014 one bar for each variable. In the <strong>stacked bar graph<\/strong>, each bar represents the responses of one group. The height of each color within that bar represents a percentage of a particular response, and the combination of all colors represents the total (100%) of all responses within that group.\u00a0<\/section>\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<section>The following table[footnote]\u00a0Parker, K. &amp; Igielnik, R. (2020, May 14). <em>On the cusp of adulthood and facing an uncertain future: What\u00a0<\/em><em>we know about Gen Z so far<\/em>. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-<br \/>\r\ntrends\/2020\/05\/14\/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-<br \/>\r\nso-far-2\/[\/footnote] provides the racial composition for four different generations in the U.S.: \"Baby Boomers\u201d (born before 1962), \u201cGen Xers\u201d (born 1965\u20131980), \u201cMillennials\u201d (born 1981\u20131996), and \u201cGen Zers\u201d (born after 1996).\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><strong>Racial Composition Across Generations<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Generation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>White<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hispanic<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Black<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Asian<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Boomers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]81.20[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]12.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]1.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]1.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gen X<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]70.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]12.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]15.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]0.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]3.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Millennials<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]61.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]17.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]15.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]3.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gen Z<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]51.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]24.50[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]13.70[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]5.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>The table contains survey information on the racial composition of similar groups of people ([latex]7\u201322[\/latex] years old) at similar points in time within each generation. For example, an analysis of the 1987 Current Population Survey (CPS) of Americans reported the racial and ethnic composition of Gen Xers (born between 1965 and 1980) was [latex]70[\/latex]% White, [latex]12[\/latex]% Hispanic, [latex]15[\/latex]% Black, [latex]0[\/latex]% Asian, and [latex]3[\/latex]% Other. Asians were not separately identified by the population survey until 1988.<\/p>\r\n<p>[reveal-answer q=\"355314\"]Why should we utilize a side-by-side bar chart and a stacked bar chart to understand the changes in racial composition between generations?[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"355314\"]While this contingency table contains information needed to make a descriptive analysis, any significant changes in racial composition between generations will be more evident in a side-by-side bar chart than in the table.[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Let's use the Describing and Exploring Categorical Data tool to create a side-by-side bar graph AND a stacked bar graph to visualize changes in the racial composition.<br \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"41660\"]Step-by-step directions[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"41660\"]\r\n\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 1: <\/strong>Select the \"Two Categorical Variables\" tab.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 2: <\/strong>Click on the dropdown menu for \"Dataset\" and choose \"Generations in the US.\" This will display a side-by-side bar graph.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 3: <\/strong>To create a stacked bar graph, under \u201cOptions for Bar Chart,\u201d select \u201cStacked Bar Chart.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"850\" frameborder=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n<p><br \/>\r\n[<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"350\" hide_question_numbers=1]763[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"1450\" hide_question_numbers=1]764[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\" hide_question_numbers=1]765[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"400\" hide_question_numbers=1]766[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Create side-by-side and stacked bar graphs using technology<\/li>\n<li>Use side-by-side and stacked bar graphs to compare different groups<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2 data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"635\"><strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"635\">Using Data Displays to Analyze Demographic Change<\/strong><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1224\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1224\" style=\"width: 651px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1224\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/10\/31205750\/pexels-edmond-dante%CC%80s-7103173.jpg\" alt=\"Woman stands in front of a voting booth wearing an &quot;I am a voter&quot; sticker.\" width=\"651\" height=\"434\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1224\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Understanding who votes\u2014and how\u2014can help researchers explore how shifting demographics might influence future elections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In a previous example, we studied the voting patterns of different groups within the United States and found that voter patterns varied by race in 2020. If we wish to predict potential changes in future voting outcomes, we may want to research the following question: Has the racial composition of the United States population changed across generations?<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm762\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=762&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm762&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"325\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">A\u00a0<strong>contingency table\u00a0<\/strong>is a table that displays the results of two categorical variables simultaneously. It is also called a\u00a0<strong>two-way table<\/strong>. <strong>Side-by-side bar graphs<\/strong> present data for two categorical variables from more than one group by creating two bars on the chart for each group \u2014 one bar for each variable. In the <strong>stacked bar graph<\/strong>, each bar represents the responses of one group. The height of each color within that bar represents a percentage of a particular response, and the combination of all colors represents the total (100%) of all responses within that group.\u00a0<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section>The following table<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u00a0Parker, K. &amp; Igielnik, R. (2020, May 14). On the cusp of adulthood and facing an uncertain future: What\u00a0we know about Gen Z so far. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-\ntrends\/2020\/05\/14\/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-\nso-far-2\/\" id=\"return-footnote-44-1\" href=\"#footnote-44-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> provides the racial composition for four different generations in the U.S.: &#8220;Baby Boomers\u201d (born before 1962), \u201cGen Xers\u201d (born 1965\u20131980), \u201cMillennials\u201d (born 1981\u20131996), and \u201cGen Zers\u201d (born after 1996).<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"6\"><strong>Racial Composition Across Generations<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Generation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>White<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Hispanic<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Black<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Asian<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Boomers<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]81.20[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]12.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]1.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]1.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gen X<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]70.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]12.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]15.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]0.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]3.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Millennials<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]61.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]17.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]15.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]3.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Gen Z<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]51.00[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]24.50[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]13.70[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]5.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]4.90[\/latex]%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The table contains survey information on the racial composition of similar groups of people ([latex]7\u201322[\/latex] years old) at similar points in time within each generation. For example, an analysis of the 1987 Current Population Survey (CPS) of Americans reported the racial and ethnic composition of Gen Xers (born between 1965 and 1980) was [latex]70[\/latex]% White, [latex]12[\/latex]% Hispanic, [latex]15[\/latex]% Black, [latex]0[\/latex]% Asian, and [latex]3[\/latex]% Other. Asians were not separately identified by the population survey until 1988.<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q355314\">Why should we utilize a side-by-side bar chart and a stacked bar chart to understand the changes in racial composition between generations?<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q355314\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">While this contingency table contains information needed to make a descriptive analysis, any significant changes in racial composition between generations will be more evident in a side-by-side bar chart than in the table.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Let&#8217;s use the Describing and Exploring Categorical Data tool to create a side-by-side bar graph AND a stacked bar graph to visualize changes in the racial composition.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q41660\">Step-by-step directions<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q41660\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 1: <\/strong>Select the &#8220;Two Categorical Variables&#8221; tab.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 2: <\/strong>Click on the dropdown menu for &#8220;Dataset&#8221; and choose &#8220;Generations in the US.&#8221; This will display a side-by-side bar graph.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>STEP 3: <\/strong>To create a stacked bar graph, under \u201cOptions for Bar Chart,\u201d select \u201cStacked Bar Chart.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"850\" frameborder=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\n[<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm763\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=763&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm763&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"350\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm764\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=764&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm764&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1450\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm765\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=765&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm765&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm766\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=766&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm766&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-44-1\">\u00a0Parker, K. &amp; Igielnik, R. (2020, May 14). <em>On the cusp of adulthood and facing an uncertain future: What\u00a0<\/em><em>we know about Gen Z so far<\/em>. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-<br \/>\r\ntrends\/2020\/05\/14\/on-the-cusp-of-adulthood-and-facing-an-uncertain-future-what-we-know-about-gen-z-<br \/>\r\nso-far-2\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-44-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Voter image\",\"author\":\"Edmond Dantu00e8s\",\"organization\":\"Pexels\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/a-woman-with-a-badge-7103173\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":20,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Voter image","author":"Edmond Dantu00e8s","organization":"Pexels","url":"https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/a-woman-with-a-badge-7103173\/","project":"","license":"cc0","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6600,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/revisions\/6600"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/20"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/44\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=44"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=44"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=44"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}