{"id":38,"date":"2023-01-31T00:45:57","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T00:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/applications-of-bar-graphs-background-youll-need-1\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T12:51:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T12:51:07","slug":"applications-of-bar-graphs-background-youll-need-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/applications-of-bar-graphs-background-youll-need-1\/","title":{"raw":"Describing Data Graphically: Background You'll Need 2","rendered":"Describing Data Graphically: Background You&#8217;ll Need 2"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Create frequency tables to display data<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Frequency Tables<\/h2>\r\n<p><strong>Frequency tables<\/strong> are valuable tools in statistics for organizing and summarizing categorical data. They present a clear picture of how frequently each category appears in a data set, allowing us to identify patterns and gain insights from the information. Let's dive into the components of a frequency table and learn how to construct and interpret one.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>Components of a Frequency Table<\/h3>\r\n<p>A frequency table consists of two main components:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Categories:<\/strong> These are the distinct groups or categories that the data fall into. For example, in a survey asking people about their favorite colors, the categories might be red, blue, green, yellow, and so on.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Frequencies:<\/strong> The frequencies represent the number of occurrences of each category in the dataset. Frequencies indicate how many times each category appears in the data.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\r\n<h3>Favorite Foods<\/h3>\r\n\r\nSuppose data was collected asking a small group of young adults about their favorite cuisines. The responses were: Indian, Chinese, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Italian, Korean, Indian, Mexican, Vietnamese, Ethiopian, Thai, Chinese, Indian, Korean, Mexican, Ethiopian, Italian, Thai, Indian, and Chinese. To create a frequency table, start by identifying the distinct categories in the data. In our example, the categories will represent the various cuisines. We can determine the number of categories needed by highlighting the first example of each new cuisine type:\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Indian<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Chinese<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Mexican<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Italian<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Thai,<\/span> Italian, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Korean<\/span>, Indian, Mexican, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Vietnamese<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Ethiopian<\/span>, Thai, Chinese, Indian, Korean, Mexican, Ethiopian, Italian, Thai, Indian, Chinese.<\/p>\r\n<p>The first row or first column of a two-way frequency table is the category, and the second row or column is the frequency.<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Cuisine<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Frequency<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Chinese<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Ethiopian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Indian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Italian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Korean<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Mexican<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Thai<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Vietnamese<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Next, count how many times each cuisine appears in the data and record the frequencies in the table.<\/p>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Cuisine<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Frequency<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Chinese<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Ethiopian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Indian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Italian<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Korean<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Mexican<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Thai<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Vietnamese<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]11081[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<h3>Two-Way Frequency Tables<\/h3>\r\n<p>A two-way frequency table consists of three main components:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li><strong>Row categories:<\/strong> These represent one of the categories data has been collected on.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Column categories:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> These represent another of the categories.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Frequencies:<\/strong> The frequencies represent the number of occurrences for each combination of row and column categories.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">A school surveyed students in different age groups to understand their favorite genres of books. The data collected is as follows:\r\n\r\n<table class=\"aligncenter\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Age group<\/th>\r\n<th>Favorite genre<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13-15<\/td>\r\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16-18<\/td>\r\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13-15<\/td>\r\n<td>Adventure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16-18<\/td>\r\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13-15<\/td>\r\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>19-21<\/td>\r\n<td>Adventure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16-18<\/td>\r\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13-15<\/td>\r\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>19-21<\/td>\r\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16-18<\/td>\r\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>We can create a two-way frequency table with age groups for rows and genres for columns:<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 225px;\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\"><strong> Age group<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Genre<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Adventure<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Mystery<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">13-15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">16-18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">19-21<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>... or we can reverse the categories:<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 225px;\" border=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\"><strong> Genre<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Age group<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">13-15<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">16-18<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">19-21<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Adventure<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Fantasy<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Mystery<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>The frequencies in a two-way frequency table are referred to as a\u00a0<strong>joint frequency<\/strong> because they represent an observation in two categories simultaneously.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]11078[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Create frequency tables to display data<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Frequency Tables<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Frequency tables<\/strong> are valuable tools in statistics for organizing and summarizing categorical data. They present a clear picture of how frequently each category appears in a data set, allowing us to identify patterns and gain insights from the information. Let&#8217;s dive into the components of a frequency table and learn how to construct and interpret one.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>Components of a Frequency Table<\/h3>\n<p>A frequency table consists of two main components:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Categories:<\/strong> These are the distinct groups or categories that the data fall into. For example, in a survey asking people about their favorite colors, the categories might be red, blue, green, yellow, and so on.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Frequencies:<\/strong> The frequencies represent the number of occurrences of each category in the dataset. Frequencies indicate how many times each category appears in the data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\n<h3>Favorite Foods<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose data was collected asking a small group of young adults about their favorite cuisines. The responses were: Indian, Chinese, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Italian, Korean, Indian, Mexican, Vietnamese, Ethiopian, Thai, Chinese, Indian, Korean, Mexican, Ethiopian, Italian, Thai, Indian, and Chinese. To create a frequency table, start by identifying the distinct categories in the data. In our example, the categories will represent the various cuisines. We can determine the number of categories needed by highlighting the first example of each new cuisine type:<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Indian<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Chinese<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Mexican<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Italian<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Thai,<\/span> Italian, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Korean<\/span>, Indian, Mexican, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Vietnamese<\/span>, <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Ethiopian<\/span>, Thai, Chinese, Indian, Korean, Mexican, Ethiopian, Italian, Thai, Indian, Chinese.<\/p>\n<p>The first row or first column of a two-way frequency table is the category, and the second row or column is the frequency.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Cuisine<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Frequency<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Chinese<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Ethiopian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Indian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Italian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Korean<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Mexican<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Thai<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Vietnamese<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Next, count how many times each cuisine appears in the data and record the frequencies in the table.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Cuisine<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" scope=\"col\">Frequency<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Chinese<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Ethiopian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Indian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">4\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Italian<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Korean<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">2\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Mexican<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Thai<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">3\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Vietnamese<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">1\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11081\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11081&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11081&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section>\n<h3>Two-Way Frequency Tables<\/h3>\n<p>A two-way frequency table consists of three main components:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Row categories:<\/strong> These represent one of the categories data has been collected on.<\/li>\n<li><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Column categories:<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> These represent another of the categories.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong>Frequencies:<\/strong> The frequencies represent the number of occurrences for each combination of row and column categories.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">A school surveyed students in different age groups to understand their favorite genres of books. The data collected is as follows:<\/p>\n<table class=\"aligncenter\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Age group<\/th>\n<th>Favorite genre<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>13-15<\/td>\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16-18<\/td>\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13-15<\/td>\n<td>Adventure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16-18<\/td>\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13-15<\/td>\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19-21<\/td>\n<td>Adventure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16-18<\/td>\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13-15<\/td>\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>19-21<\/td>\n<td>Fantasy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16-18<\/td>\n<td>Mystery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>We can create a two-way frequency table with age groups for rows and genres for columns:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 225px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\"><strong> Age group<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Genre<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Adventure<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Fantasy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">Mystery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">13-15<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">16-18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">19-21<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&#8230; or we can reverse the categories:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 225px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\"><strong> Genre<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\" colspan=\"3\"><strong>Age group<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">13-15<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">16-18<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">19-21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Adventure<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Fantasy<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 25%; height: 16px;\">Mystery<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center; height: 16px;\">0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The frequencies in a two-way frequency table are referred to as a\u00a0<strong>joint frequency<\/strong> because they represent an observation in two categories simultaneously.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11078\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11078&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11078&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Adapted from material created using ChatGPT\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":20,"module-header":"background_you_need","content_attributions":[{"type":"pd","description":"Adapted from material created using ChatGPT","author":"Lumen Learning","organization":"","url":"","project":"","license":"pd","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7098,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions\/7098"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/20"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}