{"id":28,"date":"2023-01-31T00:45:49","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T00:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-learn-it-2\/"},"modified":"2025-10-07T13:31:44","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T13:31:44","slug":"displaying-categorical-data-learn-it-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-learn-it-2\/","title":{"raw":"Displaying Categorical Data: Learn It 2","rendered":"Displaying Categorical Data: Learn It 2"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Frequency<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\"><strong>Frequency<\/strong> is the number of times a value of the data occurs. A <strong>frequency table<\/strong> lists the different categories of data and the number of observations (the frequency) of each unique value of that variable. The frequency is commonly referred to as the <strong>count<\/strong>.<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]2852[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h3>Frequency Tables and Bar Graphs Using the Statistical Tool<\/h3>\r\n<p>For small data sets, you can easily create a frequency table manually. However, when working with larger data sets, it\u2019s much more efficient to use technology to generate and display the frequency tables.<\/p>\r\n<p>One of the most commonly used graphs for visualizing the distribution of a categorical variable is a <strong>bar graph<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>bar graph<\/h3>\r\n\r\nIn a bar graph, categories are represented by bars that are separated from each other. The bars can be vertical or horizontal and the height or length of each bar represents the measure of the data in each category. Bars can represent frequencies, relative frequencies (proportion), or percentages.<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">\r\n<div>\r\n<p>Use the data analysis tool below to create a frequency table.<\/p>\r\n<p>Follow these steps:<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 1: <\/strong>Choose the data set \"Sleep Study: Lark vs. Owl.\"<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 2:<\/strong> The frequency table will appear to the right.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 3:<\/strong> (Optional) You can change the order of the categories by selecting \u201cCustomize Order\u201d under \"Options\" to rearrange the frequency table.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p><br \/>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"850\"><\/iframe> [<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]2853[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>Frequency<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\"><strong>Frequency<\/strong> is the number of times a value of the data occurs. A <strong>frequency table<\/strong> lists the different categories of data and the number of observations (the frequency) of each unique value of that variable. The frequency is commonly referred to as the <strong>count<\/strong>.<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm2852\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=2852&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm2852&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h3>Frequency Tables and Bar Graphs Using the Statistical Tool<\/h3>\n<p>For small data sets, you can easily create a frequency table manually. However, when working with larger data sets, it\u2019s much more efficient to use technology to generate and display the frequency tables.<\/p>\n<p>One of the most commonly used graphs for visualizing the distribution of a categorical variable is a <strong>bar graph<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<div>\n<h3>bar graph<\/h3>\n<p>In a bar graph, categories are represented by bars that are separated from each other. The bars can be vertical or horizontal and the height or length of each bar represents the measure of the data in each category. Bars can represent frequencies, relative frequencies (proportion), or percentages.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">\n<div>\n<p>Use the data analysis tool below to create a frequency table.<\/p>\n<p>Follow these steps:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 1: <\/strong>Choose the data set &#8220;Sleep Study: Lark vs. Owl.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 2:<\/strong> The frequency table will appear to the right.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>STEP 3:<\/strong> (Optional) You can change the order of the categories by selecting \u201cCustomize Order\u201d under &#8220;Options&#8221; to rearrange the frequency table.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"850\"><\/iframe> [<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_categorical\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm2853\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=2853&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm2853&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":20,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7101,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/revisions\/7101"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/20"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/28\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}