{"id":1394,"date":"2023-06-22T02:22:39","date_gmt":"2023-06-22T02:22:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/fishers-exact-test-background-youll-need-1\/"},"modified":"2026-02-27T18:50:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T18:50:50","slug":"fishers-exact-test-background-youll-need-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/fishers-exact-test-background-youll-need-1\/","title":{"raw":"Module 14: Background You'll Need 4","rendered":"Module 14: Background You&#8217;ll Need 4"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Read and complete a contingency table&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:12929,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;10&quot;:2,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;arial&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:9}\">Read and complete a contingency table<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2><strong>Organizing Categorical Bivariate Data<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">Contingency tables are used to quickly summarize and organize categorical bivariate data.<\/section>\r\n<p>A teacher asks a group of [latex]11[\/latex] students the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Do you have a driver\u2019s license?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Do you own a bicycle?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>The answers are recorded as follows:<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\" align=\"center\">\r\n<table class=\" aligncenter\" style=\"width: 282px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\"><strong>Driver\u2019s License?<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\"><strong>Bicycle?<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 1<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 2<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 4<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 5<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 6<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 7<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 9<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 10<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 11<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]2905[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>From looking at this table, it might be difficult to get a good sense of any patterns in the data set. The teacher decides to organize the information into a <strong>contingency table<\/strong>. Previously, you have used this tool to organize bivariate categorical data. In each cell, there is an integer representing a <strong>frequency<\/strong> or count.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]2906[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>Contingency tables are particularly useful when data sets are large.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]2908[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Read and complete a contingency table&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:12929,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;10&quot;:2,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;arial&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:9}\">Read and complete a contingency table<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2><strong>Organizing Categorical Bivariate Data<\/strong><\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">Contingency tables are used to quickly summarize and organize categorical bivariate data.<\/section>\n<p>A teacher asks a group of [latex]11[\/latex] students the following questions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Do you have a driver\u2019s license?<\/li>\n<li>Do you own a bicycle?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The answers are recorded as follows:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: left; margin: auto;\">\n<table class=\"aligncenter\" style=\"width: 282px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\"><strong>Driver\u2019s License?<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\"><strong>Bicycle?<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 8<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">No<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 10<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 86.0938px;\"><strong>Student 11<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 88.7153px;\">No<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 69.0799px;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm2905\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=2905&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm2905&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>From looking at this table, it might be difficult to get a good sense of any patterns in the data set. The teacher decides to organize the information into a <strong>contingency table<\/strong>. Previously, you have used this tool to organize bivariate categorical data. In each cell, there is an integer representing a <strong>frequency<\/strong> or count.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm2906\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=2906&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm2906&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>Contingency tables are particularly useful when data sets are large.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm2908\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=2908&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm2908&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1388,"module-header":"background_you_need","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1394"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1394\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7137,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1394\/revisions\/7137"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1388"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1394\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1394"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1394"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}