{"id":1329,"date":"2023-06-22T02:17:37","date_gmt":"2023-06-22T02:17:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/comparing-two-population-means-independent-samples-learn-it-1\/"},"modified":"2025-05-16T22:28:24","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T22:28:24","slug":"comparing-two-population-means-independent-samples-learn-it-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/comparing-two-population-means-independent-samples-learn-it-1\/","title":{"raw":"Comparing Two Population Means (Independent Samples): Learn It 1","rendered":"Comparing Two Population Means (Independent Samples): Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Complete a two-sample t-test for independent population means from hypotheses to conclusions&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Complete a two-sample [latex]t[\/latex]-test for independent population means from hypotheses to conclusions.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Hate Crimes<\/h2>\r\n<p>Hate crime is a crime motivated by bias against race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability.[footnote]https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/hatecrimes\/learn-about-hate-crimes[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8296 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/11\/19180049\/diagram.png\" alt=\"Three boxes in the form of an addition equation. It reads: A crime + Motivation for committing the crime based on bias = Hate crime.\" width=\"715\" height=\"119\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>The tragic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been compounded by a surge in violence against communities of color, including Asian American and Black communities in the United States.[footnote]https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/file\/1507346\/download[\/footnote] In August 2021, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cde.ucr.cjis.gov\/LATEST\/webapp\/#\/pages\/explorer\/crime\/hate-crime\">Hate Crime Statistics 2020<\/a>, an annual compilation of bias-motivated incidents in the United States. Though the number of reporting agencies decreased by [latex]452[\/latex] since 2019, the overall number of reported incidents increased by [latex]949[\/latex], contributing to a total of [latex]8,263[\/latex] hate crime incidents against [latex]11,126[\/latex] victims in 2020. While annual law enforcement agency participation may fluctuate, the statistics indicate that hate crimes remain a concern for communities across the country.[footnote]https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crs\/highlights\/2020-hate-crimes-statistics[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p>To analyze the claim above, let's analyze the hate crime data from the state of California.[footnote]https:\/\/immigrantdataca.org\/[\/footnote] The data set below is the rate of hate crimes reported per [latex]100,000[\/latex] people for 47 of 58 counties in the state of California for the year 2019 and the year 2020.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nNote: Consider the hate crime rates for each county in 2019 and 2020 as two separate datasets. Each dataset represents a distinct sample that reflects statewide hate crime rates for that particular year. The goal is to compare the overall state trends between the two years without making direct comparisons for the same counties. This means you should not pair or link the data for a county from one year with its data from another year. Instead, you'll compare two groups: one group consisting of all counties' rates in 2019 and another group consisting of all counties' rates in 2020.<\/p>\r\n<p>[reveal-answer q=\"240453\"]Hate Crime Data Set[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"240453\"]<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 254px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\"><strong>County in California<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\"><strong>Year 2019<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\"><strong>Year 2020<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Alameda<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Amador<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">6.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">7.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Butte<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Colusa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Contra Costa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Del Notre<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">El Dorado<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Fresno<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Glenn<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Humboldt<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">7.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Imperial<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Kern<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Kings<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Lake<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Lassen<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Los Angeles<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Marin<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">8.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Mendocino<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Merced<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Monterey<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Napa<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Nevada<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Orange<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Placer<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Riverside<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sacramento<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Benito<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Bernardino<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Diego<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Fransisco<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">7.4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Joaquin<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Luis Obispo<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Mateo<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Barbara<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Clara<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Cruz<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Shasta<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Solano<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sonoma<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Stanislaus<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sutter<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tehama<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tulare<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tuolumne<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Ventura<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Yolo<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">8.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Yuba<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Note: Hate crime data are limited as they do not fully capture all hate incidents.[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]5481[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">When we are interested in estimating a difference in population means, we usually start with data from a sample from each of the populations of interest.<br \/>\r\nThere are two different strategies for selecting the two samples. One strategy is to select a sample from one population and then independently select a sample from the second population. Using this strategy results in two samples where the individuals selected for the first sample do not influence the individuals selected for the second sample. This would be the case if you take a random sample from each population.\r\n\r\n<p>Samples selected in this way are said to be <strong>independent<\/strong> samples.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]5483[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\"><strong>Step 1:\u00a0<\/strong>Select the \"Several Groups\" tab in the statistical tool<br \/>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial; background-color: initial; word-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> <\/span><span style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; background-color: initial; word-spacing: normal; font-size: 0.9em;\">Under \"Enter Data\", select \"Your Own\"<\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Step 3:\u00a0<\/strong>Edit \"Group Labels\". Change Group 1 to \"Year 2019\" and Group 2 to \"Year 2020\"<br \/>\r\n<strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Copy the data set accordingly.<br \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"203470\"]Year 2019[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"203470\"]\r\n\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 29px;\" border=\"0\" width=\"87\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">6.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">7.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">7.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<p>[reveal-answer q=\"628393\"]Year 2020[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"628393\"]<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 79px;\" border=\"0\" width=\"87\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">7.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"24\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">8.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">6.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">6.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">5.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">3.1<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">4.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">6.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">0.4<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">1.8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">8.2<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px;\" align=\"right\" height=\"21\">2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_quantitative\/ \" width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"no\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"><\/span><\/iframe><br \/>\r\n[<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_quantitative\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]5484[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Complete a two-sample t-test for independent population means from hypotheses to conclusions&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Complete a two-sample [latex]t[\/latex]-test for independent population means from hypotheses to conclusions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Hate Crimes<\/h2>\n<p>Hate crime is a crime motivated by bias against race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/hatecrimes\/learn-about-hate-crimes\" id=\"return-footnote-1329-1\" href=\"#footnote-1329-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-8296 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/11\/19180049\/diagram.png\" alt=\"Three boxes in the form of an addition equation. It reads: A crime + Motivation for committing the crime based on bias = Hate crime.\" width=\"715\" height=\"119\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The tragic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic has been compounded by a surge in violence against communities of color, including Asian American and Black communities in the United States.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/file\/1507346\/download\" id=\"return-footnote-1329-2\" href=\"#footnote-1329-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> In August 2021, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/cde.ucr.cjis.gov\/LATEST\/webapp\/#\/pages\/explorer\/crime\/hate-crime\">Hate Crime Statistics 2020<\/a>, an annual compilation of bias-motivated incidents in the United States. Though the number of reporting agencies decreased by [latex]452[\/latex] since 2019, the overall number of reported incidents increased by [latex]949[\/latex], contributing to a total of [latex]8,263[\/latex] hate crime incidents against [latex]11,126[\/latex] victims in 2020. While annual law enforcement agency participation may fluctuate, the statistics indicate that hate crimes remain a concern for communities across the country.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crs\/highlights\/2020-hate-crimes-statistics\" id=\"return-footnote-1329-3\" href=\"#footnote-1329-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>To analyze the claim above, let&#8217;s analyze the hate crime data from the state of California.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/immigrantdataca.org\/\" id=\"return-footnote-1329-4\" href=\"#footnote-1329-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> The data set below is the rate of hate crimes reported per [latex]100,000[\/latex] people for 47 of 58 counties in the state of California for the year 2019 and the year 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Note: Consider the hate crime rates for each county in 2019 and 2020 as two separate datasets. Each dataset represents a distinct sample that reflects statewide hate crime rates for that particular year. The goal is to compare the overall state trends between the two years without making direct comparisons for the same counties. This means you should not pair or link the data for a county from one year with its data from another year. Instead, you&#8217;ll compare two groups: one group consisting of all counties&#8217; rates in 2019 and another group consisting of all counties&#8217; rates in 2020.<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q240453\">Hate Crime Data Set<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q240453\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table style=\"width: 254px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\"><strong>County in California<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\"><strong>Year 2019<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\"><strong>Year 2020<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Alameda<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Amador<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">6.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Butte<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Colusa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Contra Costa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Del Notre<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">El Dorado<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Fresno<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Glenn<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Humboldt<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">7.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Imperial<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Kern<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Kings<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Lake<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Lassen<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Los Angeles<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Marin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">8.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Mendocino<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Merced<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Monterey<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Napa<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Nevada<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Orange<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Placer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Riverside<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sacramento<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Benito<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Bernardino<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Diego<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Fransisco<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">7.4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Joaquin<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Luis Obispo<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">4.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">San Mateo<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Barbara<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Clara<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Santa Cruz<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Shasta<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Solano<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sonoma<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Stanislaus<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Sutter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tehama<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">3.1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">6.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tulare<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Tuolumne<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Ventura<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">0.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Yolo<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">2.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">8.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 101.484px;\">Yuba<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 47.3004px;\">1.3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 52.3264px;\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Note: Hate crime data are limited as they do not fully capture all hate incidents.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm5481\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=5481&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm5481&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">When we are interested in estimating a difference in population means, we usually start with data from a sample from each of the populations of interest.<br \/>\nThere are two different strategies for selecting the two samples. One strategy is to select a sample from one population and then independently select a sample from the second population. Using this strategy results in two samples where the individuals selected for the first sample do not influence the individuals selected for the second sample. This would be the case if you take a random sample from each population.<\/p>\n<p>Samples selected in this way are said to be <strong>independent<\/strong> samples.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm5483\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=5483&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm5483&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\"><strong>Step 1:\u00a0<\/strong>Select the &#8220;Several Groups&#8221; tab in the statistical tool<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial; background-color: initial; word-spacing: normal;\"><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> <\/span><span style=\"orphans: 1; text-align: initial; background-color: initial; word-spacing: normal; font-size: 0.9em;\">Under &#8220;Enter Data&#8221;, select &#8220;Your Own&#8221;<\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Step 3:\u00a0<\/strong>Edit &#8220;Group Labels&#8221;. Change Group 1 to &#8220;Year 2019&#8221; and Group 2 to &#8220;Year 2020&#8221;<br \/>\n<strong>Step 4:<\/strong> Copy the data set accordingly.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q203470\">Year 2019<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q203470\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 29px; width: 87px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">4.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">7.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">7.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q628393\">Year 2020<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q628393\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 79px; width: 87px; border-spacing: 0px;\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">7.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; width: 237.448px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 18.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 18pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px; height: 24px;\" align=\"right\">4.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; box-sizing: border-box; width: 278.003px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">8.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">6.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">5.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">3.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">4.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">6.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">0.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">1.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">8.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 16.0pt;\">\n<td style=\"height: 16pt; width: 237.448px; height: 21px;\" align=\"right\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_quantitative\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"900\" frameborder=\"no\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\"><\/span><\/iframe><br \/>\n[<a href=\"https:\/\/lumen-learning.shinyapps.io\/eda_quantitative\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trouble viewing? Click to open in a new tab.<\/a>]<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm5484\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=5484&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm5484&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1329-1\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/hatecrimes\/learn-about-hate-crimes <a href=\"#return-footnote-1329-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1329-2\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/file\/1507346\/download <a href=\"#return-footnote-1329-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1329-3\">https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/crs\/highlights\/2020-hate-crimes-statistics <a href=\"#return-footnote-1329-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1329-4\">https:\/\/immigrantdataca.org\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-1329-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":20,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1309,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6814,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/revisions\/6814"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1309"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1329\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1329"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1329"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}