{"id":1317,"date":"2023-06-22T02:17:28","date_gmt":"2023-06-22T02:17:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypothesis-for-means-apply-it-1\/"},"modified":"2025-05-16T22:14:17","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T22:14:17","slug":"null-and-alternative-hypothesis-for-means-apply-it-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypothesis-for-means-apply-it-1\/","title":{"raw":"Null and Alternative Hypothesis for Means: Learn It 1","rendered":"Null and Alternative Hypothesis for Means: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Write the null and alternative hypotheses for tests on population means&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Write the null and alternative hypotheses for tests on population means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Check the conditions for hypothesis tests for population means&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Check the conditions for hypothesis tests for population means.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">In a\u00a0<strong>hypothesis test<\/strong>, sample data is evaluated in order to arrive at a decision about some type of claim. The actual test begins by considering two\u00a0<strong>hypotheses <\/strong>(the null <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0<strong>alternative hypothesis<\/strong>). These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.<\/section>\r\n<h2>Plastic Pollution<\/h2>\r\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-760 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/11\/23211707\/Picture1-8.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic waste surrounding a globe.\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>Plastic pollution has become one of the most\u00a0pressing environmental issues, as rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world\u2019s ability to deal with them.[footnote]https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/plastic-pollution[\/footnote] Given the global scale of\u00a0plastic\u00a0pollution, the cost of removing plastics from the\u00a0environment would be excessively high. Most solutions to the problem of plastic pollution, therefore, focus on preventing improper disposal or even on limiting the use of certain plastic items in the first place.[footnote]https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/plastic-pollution\/Plastic-pollution-in-oceans-and-on-land[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]851[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>Let's look at the <strong>\"plastics\" <\/strong>dataset. This data set is a sample of plastic products collected by community volunteers in countries around the world during a brand audit to see what types of plastics are found in waste and which companies the plastics found came from.<\/p>\r\n<p>The data set can be accessed here: <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/15RIs8K9MaGVfYQmi15bH87dUIz8X1o60WcsukoLlFFo\/edit?usp=sharing\">Coca-Cola Data Set<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p>[reveal-answer q=\"902369\"]The data set variables and variable descriptions.[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"902369\"]<\/p>\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Variable<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>country<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Country of cleanup<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>year<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Year (2019 or 2020)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>parent_company<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Source of plastic<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>empty<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Category left empty count<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>hdpe<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>High-density polyethylene count (plastic milk containers, plastic bags, bottle caps, trash cans, oil cans, plastic lumber, toolboxes, supplement containers)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>Idpe<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Low-density polyethylene count (plastic bags, Ziploc bags, buckets, squeeze bottles, plastic tubes, chopping boards)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>other_count<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Category marked other count<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>pet<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Polyester plastic count (polyester fibers, soft drink bottles, food containers [also see plastic bottles])<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>pp<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Polypropylene count (flower pots, bumpers, car interior trim, industrial fibers, carry-out beverage cups, microwavable food containers, DVD cases)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>ps<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Polystyrene count (toys, video cassettes, ashtrays, trunks, beverage\/food coolers, beer cups, wine and champagne cups, carry-out food containers, styrofoam)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>pvc<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>PVC plastic count (window frames, bottles for chemicals, flooring, plumbing pipes)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>grand_total<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Grand total count (all types of plastic)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>num_events<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Number of counting events<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>volunteers<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Number of volunteers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]852[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]853[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Explain the purpose of hypothesis testing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Write the null and alternative hypotheses for tests on population means&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Write the null and alternative hypotheses for tests on population means.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Check the conditions for hypothesis tests for population means&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Check the conditions for hypothesis tests for population means.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">In a\u00a0<strong>hypothesis test<\/strong>, sample data is evaluated in order to arrive at a decision about some type of claim. The actual test begins by considering two\u00a0<strong>hypotheses <\/strong>(the null <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>\u00a0and the\u00a0<strong>alternative hypothesis<\/strong>). These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.<\/section>\n<h2>Plastic Pollution<\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-760 size-medium alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/10\/2022\/11\/23211707\/Picture1-8.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic waste surrounding a globe.\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Plastic pollution has become one of the most\u00a0pressing environmental issues, as rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world\u2019s ability to deal with them.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/plastic-pollution\" id=\"return-footnote-1317-1\" href=\"#footnote-1317-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Given the global scale of\u00a0plastic\u00a0pollution, the cost of removing plastics from the\u00a0environment would be excessively high. Most solutions to the problem of plastic pollution, therefore, focus on preventing improper disposal or even on limiting the use of certain plastic items in the first place.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/plastic-pollution\/Plastic-pollution-in-oceans-and-on-land\" id=\"return-footnote-1317-2\" href=\"#footnote-1317-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm851\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=851&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm851&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at the <strong>&#8220;plastics&#8221; <\/strong>dataset. This data set is a sample of plastic products collected by community volunteers in countries around the world during a brand audit to see what types of plastics are found in waste and which companies the plastics found came from.<\/p>\n<p>The data set can be accessed here: <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/15RIs8K9MaGVfYQmi15bH87dUIz8X1o60WcsukoLlFFo\/edit?usp=sharing\">Coca-Cola Data Set<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q902369\">The data set variables and variable descriptions.<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q902369\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Variable<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>country<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Country of cleanup<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>year<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Year (2019 or 2020)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>parent_company<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Source of plastic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>empty<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Category left empty count<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>hdpe<\/em><\/td>\n<td>High-density polyethylene count (plastic milk containers, plastic bags, bottle caps, trash cans, oil cans, plastic lumber, toolboxes, supplement containers)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>Idpe<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Low-density polyethylene count (plastic bags, Ziploc bags, buckets, squeeze bottles, plastic tubes, chopping boards)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>other_count<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Category marked other count<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>pet<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Polyester plastic count (polyester fibers, soft drink bottles, food containers [also see plastic bottles])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>pp<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Polypropylene count (flower pots, bumpers, car interior trim, industrial fibers, carry-out beverage cups, microwavable food containers, DVD cases)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>ps<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Polystyrene count (toys, video cassettes, ashtrays, trunks, beverage\/food coolers, beer cups, wine and champagne cups, carry-out food containers, styrofoam)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>pvc<\/em><\/td>\n<td>PVC plastic count (window frames, bottles for chemicals, flooring, plumbing pipes)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>grand_total<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Grand total count (all types of plastic)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>num_events<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Number of counting events<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>volunteers<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Number of volunteers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm852\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=852&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm852&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm853\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=853&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm853&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1317-1\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/article\/plastic-pollution <a href=\"#return-footnote-1317-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1317-2\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/plastic-pollution\/Plastic-pollution-in-oceans-and-on-land <a href=\"#return-footnote-1317-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1309,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1317"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6803,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1317\/revisions\/6803"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1309"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1317\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1317"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1317"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}