{"id":1215,"date":"2023-06-22T02:09:12","date_gmt":"2023-06-22T02:09:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypotheses-apply-it-3\/"},"modified":"2024-01-08T23:28:01","modified_gmt":"2024-01-08T23:28:01","slug":"null-and-alternative-hypotheses-apply-it-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypotheses-apply-it-3\/","title":{"raw":"Null and Alternative Hypotheses: Apply It 3","rendered":"Null and Alternative Hypotheses: Apply It 3"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Write a null and alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Write a null and alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Decide if a sample statistic provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Decide if a sample statistic provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #f4f3ef\">The Flint Water Study (FWS) tested the water from [latex]271[\/latex] homes and found contaminated water samples in [latex]20\\%[\/latex] of their sample.[footnote]Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). What went wrong in Flint. FiveThirtyEight. https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/[\/footnote]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]926[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]927[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>Notice that in conducting this hypothesis test, we began by assuming the null hypothesis was true (i.e., it was already the assumption that Flint was compliant with federal regulations). The Flint Water Study (FWS) then collected evidence in support of the alternative\u2014that Flint was not compliant. The possibilities are then that the FWS obtained enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis or that it did not obtain enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\">The only possible conclusions of a hypothesis test are to reject the null hypothesis or to fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is never a conclusion to a hypothesis test in which one \u201caccepts\u201d the null hypothesis.<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]928[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>Based on the results of the Flint Water Study, as well as a study done by a pediatrician on the blood lead levels of children in Flint, the city switched the water supply back to the previous source, and the governor declared a state of emergency a few months later.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]929[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<p>Read more about Flint water infrastructure:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Lead testing results for water sampled by residents. (2015, September). <em>Flint Water Study Updates.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/flintwaterstudy.org\/information-for-flint-residents\/results-for-citizen-testing-for-lead-300-kits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/flintwaterstudy.org\/information-for-flint-residents\/results-for-citizen-testing-for-lead-300-kits\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li>Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, February 23). <em>When will Flint\u2019s water be safe to drink?<\/em> FiveThirtyEight. <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/when-will-flints-water-be-safe-to-drink\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/when-will-flints-water-be-safe-to-drink\/<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/flint\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/flint<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flint_water_crisis\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flint_water_crisis<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Write a null and alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Write a null and alternative hypothesis for a hypothesis test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Decide if a sample statistic provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4609,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Decide if a sample statistic provides enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;text-align: initial;background-color: #f4f3ef\">The Flint Water Study (FWS) tested the water from [latex]271[\/latex] homes and found contaminated water samples in [latex]20\\%[\/latex] of their sample.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). What went wrong in Flint. FiveThirtyEight. https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/\" id=\"return-footnote-1215-1\" href=\"#footnote-1215-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm926\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=926&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm926&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm927\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=927&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm927&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>Notice that in conducting this hypothesis test, we began by assuming the null hypothesis was true (i.e., it was already the assumption that Flint was compliant with federal regulations). The Flint Water Study (FWS) then collected evidence in support of the alternative\u2014that Flint was not compliant. The possibilities are then that the FWS obtained enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis or that it did not obtain enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\">The only possible conclusions of a hypothesis test are to reject the null hypothesis or to fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is never a conclusion to a hypothesis test in which one \u201caccepts\u201d the null hypothesis.<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm928\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=928&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm928&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>Based on the results of the Flint Water Study, as well as a study done by a pediatrician on the blood lead levels of children in Flint, the city switched the water supply back to the previous source, and the governor declared a state of emergency a few months later.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm929\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=929&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm929&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>Read more about Flint water infrastructure:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lead testing results for water sampled by residents. (2015, September). <em>Flint Water Study Updates.<\/em> Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/flintwaterstudy.org\/information-for-flint-residents\/results-for-citizen-testing-for-lead-300-kits\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/flintwaterstudy.org\/information-for-flint-residents\/results-for-citizen-testing-for-lead-300-kits\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, February 23). <em>When will Flint\u2019s water be safe to drink?<\/em> FiveThirtyEight. <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/when-will-flints-water-be-safe-to-drink\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/when-will-flints-water-be-safe-to-drink\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/flint\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/flint<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flint_water_crisis\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flint_water_crisis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1215-1\">Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). What went wrong in Flint. FiveThirtyEight. https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-1215-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1205,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1215"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4847,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1215\/revisions\/4847"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1205"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1215\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1215"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1215"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}