{"id":1208,"date":"2023-06-22T02:09:07","date_gmt":"2023-06-22T02:09:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypotheses-background-youll-need-1\/"},"modified":"2025-05-16T03:28:15","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T03:28:15","slug":"null-and-alternative-hypotheses-background-youll-need-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/chapter\/null-and-alternative-hypotheses-background-youll-need-1\/","title":{"raw":"Module 10: Background You'll Need 1","rendered":"Module 10: Background You&#8217;ll Need 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Identify population, parameter, sample, and statistic in a given study&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4096,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Identify population, parameter, sample, and statistic in a given study.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Surprising Water Samples<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Flint water crisis is a public health crisis that started in 2014 after the drinking water for the city was contaminated with lead.[footnote]Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). <em>What went wrong in Flint.<\/em> FiveThirtyEight. <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/\">https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/<\/a>[\/footnote] During that event, the city of Flint switched water sources, and the residents began to suspect that their water was contaminated with lead. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) claimed that the water was compliant with federal regulations and that there was not a contamination problem. The federal guidelines for water safety state that a city is compliant if at least [latex]90\\%[\/latex] of water samples obtained from residences have lead in the water under [latex]15[\/latex] parts per billion (ppb). A water sample is \u201ccontaminated\u201d if it contains lead at [latex]15[\/latex] ppb or above. In other words, under [latex]10\\%[\/latex] of residences would need to be contaminated in order for the city to be compliant.<\/p>\r\n<p>The residents of Flint suspected that more than [latex]10\\%[\/latex] of the homes in the city had contaminated water, so they took their own sample of residences with support from scientists at Virginia Tech. They tested the water from [latex]271[\/latex] homes as part of the Flint Water Study (FWS), and they recorded the proportion of homes that had contaminated water.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1046[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1047[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A\u00a0<strong>parameter\u00a0<\/strong>is a number that describes a population.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A\u00a0<strong>statistic\u00a0<\/strong>is a number that we calculate from a sample.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1048[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]1049[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Identify population, parameter, sample, and statistic in a given study&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:4096,&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;}\">Identify population, parameter, sample, and statistic in a given study.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Surprising Water Samples<\/h2>\n<p>The Flint water crisis is a public health crisis that started in 2014 after the drinking water for the city was contaminated with lead.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). What went wrong in Flint. FiveThirtyEight. https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/\" id=\"return-footnote-1208-1\" href=\"#footnote-1208-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> During that event, the city of Flint switched water sources, and the residents began to suspect that their water was contaminated with lead. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) claimed that the water was compliant with federal regulations and that there was not a contamination problem. The federal guidelines for water safety state that a city is compliant if at least [latex]90\\%[\/latex] of water samples obtained from residences have lead in the water under [latex]15[\/latex] parts per billion (ppb). A water sample is \u201ccontaminated\u201d if it contains lead at [latex]15[\/latex] ppb or above. In other words, under [latex]10\\%[\/latex] of residences would need to be contaminated in order for the city to be compliant.<\/p>\n<p>The residents of Flint suspected that more than [latex]10\\%[\/latex] of the homes in the city had contaminated water, so they took their own sample of residences with support from scientists at Virginia Tech. They tested the water from [latex]271[\/latex] homes as part of the Flint Water Study (FWS), and they recorded the proportion of homes that had contaminated water.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1046\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1046&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1046&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1047\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1047&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1047&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\n<ul>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>parameter\u00a0<\/strong>is a number that describes a population.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00a0<strong>statistic\u00a0<\/strong>is a number that we calculate from a sample.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1048\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1048&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1048&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm1049\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=1049&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm1049&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1208-1\">Barry-Jester, A. M. (2016, January 26). <em>What went wrong in Flint.<\/em> FiveThirtyEight. <a href=\"https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/\">https:\/\/fivethirtyeight.com\/features\/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan\/<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-1208-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1205,"module-header":"background_you_need","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1208"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6746,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1208\/revisions\/6746"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1205"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1208\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1208"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1208"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introstatstest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}