To determine if these data provide evidence that the class can read Martian, we will simulate what would happen in the class if we can’t read Martian, repeat the simulation many times to understand what results would be surprising if students were just guessing, and then compare the class’s observed data to the simulation. This gives us an estimate of how often (or the probability of) the class’s result would occur just by chance if students were all just guessing. If our observed data were unlikely to occur, the assumption of “randomly guessing” is not plausible, and we would interpret that as evidence that students were not just guessing.