{"id":727,"date":"2023-03-10T18:01:52","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T18:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/emotion\/"},"modified":"2026-01-15T18:16:29","modified_gmt":"2026-01-15T18:16:29","slug":"emotion","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/emotion\/","title":{"raw":"Emotion: Learn It 1\u2014Theories of Emotion 1","rendered":"Emotion: Learn It 1\u2014Theories of Emotion 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Compare and contrast the major theories of emotion<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand the role of the limbic system in emotion<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe how emotions are recognized and expressed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>The words emotion and mood are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychologists use these words to refer to two different things. Here we will focus on emotion, and you will learn more about mood in the chapter that covers psychological disorders.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>emotion vs. mood<\/h3>\r\n<p>The word <strong>emotion<\/strong> indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience. Emotions are often thought to be consciously experienced and intentional.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mood<\/strong>, on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. Mood states may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion (Beedie, Terry, Lane, &amp; Devonport, 2011).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>As humans, we can experience a range of emotions. We can be at the heights of joy or in the depths of despair. We might feel angry when we are betrayed, fear when we are threatened, and surprised when something unexpected happens.<\/p>\r\n<p>This section will outline some of the most well-known theories explaining our emotional experience and provide insight into the biological bases of emotion. We will also discuss the ubiquitous nature of facial expressions and our abilities to recognize those expressions in others.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>components of emotion<\/h3>\r\n<p>Our emotional states are combinations of the following components: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>These appraisals are informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures. Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences even when faced with similar circumstances.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Theories of Emotion<\/h2>\r\n<p>Over time, several different theories of emotion have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>James-Lange theory of emotion<\/h3>\r\n<p>The <strong>James-Lange theory <\/strong>of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened. If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place. Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p data-depth=\"1\">Other theorists, however, have doubted whether our experiences of physiological arousal\u00a0can be distinct enough to result in the wide variety of emotions that we experience. For instance, if we have an elevated heart rate and sweaty palms, how does our body distinguish between whether we are anxious or excited?\u00a0The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed as an attempt to solve that problem.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3><strong>Cannon-Bard theory<\/strong> of emotion<\/h3>\r\n<p>According to the <strong>Cannon-Bard theory of emotion<\/strong>, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994). So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<p data-depth=\"1\">Despite the contribution of the Cannon-Bard theory to understanding the physiological components of emotion, it fails to account for the role of cognition in emotion. In contrast, the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory proposes that cognitive interpretation plays a critical role in determining the emotional experience.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3><strong>Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p>The <strong>Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion<\/strong> is a variation on previous theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and\u00a0emotional experience. According to this theory, emotions are composed of both physiological and cognitive factors. In other words, our emotional experience is the result of our physiological arousal being interpreted differently depending on the context in which it occurs.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological factor) that is labeled\u00a0by our minds as fear given the context (cognitive factor), and thus our resulting emotional experience is that of fear. If\u00a0the context was different and you had labeled your sympathetic nervous system activation as joy, you would have experienced joy. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion depends on\u00a0the cognitive labeling\u00a0of our\u00a0physiological experience as much as the physiological experience itself.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Schachter and Singer believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotions that we experience and that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is therefore critical to determining which emotion is actually experienced. In fact, it can even be possible to misattribute unrelated physiological arousal to an emotional experience if the circumstances are right (Schachter &amp; Singer, 1962). <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nThis idea was tested through an experiment where male participants were randomly assigned to different groups and given injections of epinephrine to mimic the fight-or-flight response. Some were informed that the injection would cause physiological arousal while others were not informed. Participants waited in a room with a confederate who acted either euphoric or angry, and those who were not expecting arousal were more likely to report experiencing emotions related to the confederate's behavior (Schachter &amp; Singer, 1962). This demonstrated that context plays a crucial role in interpreting physiological arousal as a particular emotional state.\u00a0\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3>Polygraph Tests<\/h3>\r\n<p>Strong emotional responses are associated with strong physiological arousal, which caused some theorists to suggest that the signs of physiological arousal, including increased heart rate, respiration rate, and sweating, might be used to determine whether someone is telling the truth or not. The assumption is that most of us would show signs of physiological arousal if we were being dishonest with someone.<\/p>\r\n<p>A <strong>polygraph<\/strong>, or lie detector test, measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions. Someone trained in reading these tests would look for answers to questions that are associated with increased levels of arousal as potential signs that the respondent may have been dishonest on those answers. While polygraphs are still commonly used, their validity and accuracy are highly questionable because there is no evidence that lying is associated with any particular pattern of physiological arousal (Saxe &amp; Ben-Shakhar, 1999).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>While the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory emphasizes the role of both physiological arousal and cognition in emotions, the appraisal theory emphasizes cognitive appraisal, or the interpretation of a situation, as the primary driver of emotions.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>appraisal theory<\/h3>\r\n<p>Also called <strong>cognitive-mediational theory<\/strong>, the key idea of Lazarus' <strong>appraisal theory<\/strong> is that you have thoughts (a cognitive appraisal) before you experience an emotion, and the emotion you experience depends on the nature of the thoughts you have (Frijda, 1988; Lazarus, 1991). If you think something is positive, you will have more positive emotions about it than if your cognitive appraisal is negative, and the opposite is\u00a0also true.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>Appraisal theory explains the way two people can have two completely different emotions regarding the same event. For example, suppose your psychology instructor selected you to\u00a0present a lecture to the class on emotion; you might see that as positive because it represents an opportunity to be the center of attention, in which case you might experience the emotion of happiness. However, if you dislike speaking in public, you could have a negative appraisal and experience discomfort.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"975\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224954\/CNX_Psych_10_04_Theories.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram shows a photograph of a snake on the left and a photograph of a frightened person on the right, with an arrow labeled \u201ctime.\u201d Beneath the photos are flow diagrams of four theories of emotion: James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schachter-Singer Two-Factory Theory, and Lazarus\u2019 Cognitive-mediational Theory. For James-Lange Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to the heart pounding and sweating, which leads to fear (emotion). For Cannon-Bard theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to both heart pounding and sweating and fear (emotion) simultaneously. For the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to both heart pounding and sweating, and cognitive label (\u201cI\u2019m scared\u201d) which then leads to fear (emotion). For Lazarus\u2019 Cognitive-mediational Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to appraisal, which leads to fear\/heart pounding and sweating.\" width=\"975\" height=\"1050\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This figure illustrates the major assertions of the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theories of emotion. (credit \"snake\": modification of work by \"tableatny\"\/Flickr; credit \"face\": modification of work by Cory Zanker)[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"700\"]4414[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Compare and contrast the major theories of emotion<\/li>\n<li>Understand the role of the limbic system in emotion<\/li>\n<li>Describe how emotions are recognized and expressed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>The words emotion and mood are sometimes used interchangeably, but psychologists use these words to refer to two different things. Here we will focus on emotion, and you will learn more about mood in the chapter that covers psychological disorders.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>emotion vs. mood<\/h3>\n<p>The word <strong>emotion<\/strong> indicates a subjective, affective state that is relatively intense and that occurs in response to something we experience. Emotions are often thought to be consciously experienced and intentional.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mood<\/strong>, on the other hand, refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience. Mood states may not be consciously recognized and do not carry the intentionality that is associated with emotion (Beedie, Terry, Lane, &amp; Devonport, 2011).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>As humans, we can experience a range of emotions. We can be at the heights of joy or in the depths of despair. We might feel angry when we are betrayed, fear when we are threatened, and surprised when something unexpected happens.<\/p>\n<p>This section will outline some of the most well-known theories explaining our emotional experience and provide insight into the biological bases of emotion. We will also discuss the ubiquitous nature of facial expressions and our abilities to recognize those expressions in others.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>components of emotion<\/h3>\n<p>Our emotional states are combinations of the following components: physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences.<\/p>\n<p>These appraisals are informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures. Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences even when faced with similar circumstances.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Theories of Emotion<\/h2>\n<p>Over time, several different theories of emotion have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>James-Lange theory of emotion<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>James-Lange theory <\/strong>of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened. If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place. Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p data-depth=\"1\">Other theorists, however, have doubted whether our experiences of physiological arousal\u00a0can be distinct enough to result in the wide variety of emotions that we experience. For instance, if we have an elevated heart rate and sweaty palms, how does our body distinguish between whether we are anxious or excited?\u00a0The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed as an attempt to solve that problem.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3><strong>Cannon-Bard theory<\/strong> of emotion<\/h3>\n<p>According to the <strong>Cannon-Bard theory of emotion<\/strong>, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994). So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<p data-depth=\"1\">Despite the contribution of the Cannon-Bard theory to understanding the physiological components of emotion, it fails to account for the role of cognition in emotion. In contrast, the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory proposes that cognitive interpretation plays a critical role in determining the emotional experience.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3><strong>Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion<\/strong> is a variation on previous theories of emotions that takes into account both physiological arousal and\u00a0emotional experience. According to this theory, emotions are composed of both physiological and cognitive factors. In other words, our emotional experience is the result of our physiological arousal being interpreted differently depending on the context in which it occurs.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In revisiting our example involving the venomous snake in your backyard, the two-factor theory maintains that the snake elicits sympathetic nervous system activation (physiological factor) that is labeled\u00a0by our minds as fear given the context (cognitive factor), and thus our resulting emotional experience is that of fear. If\u00a0the context was different and you had labeled your sympathetic nervous system activation as joy, you would have experienced joy. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion depends on\u00a0the cognitive labeling\u00a0of our\u00a0physiological experience as much as the physiological experience itself.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">Schachter and Singer believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the different types of emotions that we experience and that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is therefore critical to determining which emotion is actually experienced. In fact, it can even be possible to misattribute unrelated physiological arousal to an emotional experience if the circumstances are right (Schachter &amp; Singer, 1962). <\/p>\n<p>This idea was tested through an experiment where male participants were randomly assigned to different groups and given injections of epinephrine to mimic the fight-or-flight response. Some were informed that the injection would cause physiological arousal while others were not informed. Participants waited in a room with a confederate who acted either euphoric or angry, and those who were not expecting arousal were more likely to report experiencing emotions related to the confederate&#8217;s behavior (Schachter &amp; Singer, 1962). This demonstrated that context plays a crucial role in interpreting physiological arousal as a particular emotional state.\u00a0<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3>Polygraph Tests<\/h3>\n<p>Strong emotional responses are associated with strong physiological arousal, which caused some theorists to suggest that the signs of physiological arousal, including increased heart rate, respiration rate, and sweating, might be used to determine whether someone is telling the truth or not. The assumption is that most of us would show signs of physiological arousal if we were being dishonest with someone.<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>polygraph<\/strong>, or lie detector test, measures the physiological arousal of an individual responding to a series of questions. Someone trained in reading these tests would look for answers to questions that are associated with increased levels of arousal as potential signs that the respondent may have been dishonest on those answers. While polygraphs are still commonly used, their validity and accuracy are highly questionable because there is no evidence that lying is associated with any particular pattern of physiological arousal (Saxe &amp; Ben-Shakhar, 1999).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>While the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory emphasizes the role of both physiological arousal and cognition in emotions, the appraisal theory emphasizes cognitive appraisal, or the interpretation of a situation, as the primary driver of emotions.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>appraisal theory<\/h3>\n<p>Also called <strong>cognitive-mediational theory<\/strong>, the key idea of Lazarus&#8217; <strong>appraisal theory<\/strong> is that you have thoughts (a cognitive appraisal) before you experience an emotion, and the emotion you experience depends on the nature of the thoughts you have (Frijda, 1988; Lazarus, 1991). If you think something is positive, you will have more positive emotions about it than if your cognitive appraisal is negative, and the opposite is\u00a0also true.<\/p>\n<p>Appraisal theory explains the way two people can have two completely different emotions regarding the same event. For example, suppose your psychology instructor selected you to\u00a0present a lecture to the class on emotion; you might see that as positive because it represents an opportunity to be the center of attention, in which case you might experience the emotion of happiness. However, if you dislike speaking in public, you could have a negative appraisal and experience discomfort.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224954\/CNX_Psych_10_04_Theories.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram shows a photograph of a snake on the left and a photograph of a frightened person on the right, with an arrow labeled \u201ctime.\u201d Beneath the photos are flow diagrams of four theories of emotion: James-Lange Theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Schachter-Singer Two-Factory Theory, and Lazarus\u2019 Cognitive-mediational Theory. For James-Lange Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to the heart pounding and sweating, which leads to fear (emotion). For Cannon-Bard theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to both heart pounding and sweating and fear (emotion) simultaneously. For the Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to both heart pounding and sweating, and cognitive label (\u201cI\u2019m scared\u201d) which then leads to fear (emotion). For Lazarus\u2019 Cognitive-mediational Theory arousal (seeing the snake) leads to appraisal, which leads to fear\/heart pounding and sweating.\" width=\"975\" height=\"1050\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This figure illustrates the major assertions of the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theories of emotion. (credit &#8220;snake&#8221;: modification of work by &#8220;tableatny&#8221;\/Flickr; credit &#8220;face&#8221;: modification of work by Cory Zanker)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4414\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4414&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4414&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":25,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Emotion\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/10-4-emotion\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Feeling All the Feels: Crash Course Psychology #25\",\"author\":\"Hank Green\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/gAMbkJk6gnE?t=2m2s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":711,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Emotion","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/10-4-emotion","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"},{"type":"copyrighted_video","description":"Feeling All the Feels: Crash Course Psychology #25","author":"Hank Green","organization":"CrashCourse","url":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/gAMbkJk6gnE?t=2m2s","project":"","license":"other","license_terms":"Standard YouTube License"},{"type":"original","description":"Modification, adaptation, and original content","author":"","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/727"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/727\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7504,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/727\/revisions\/7504"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/711"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/727\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=727"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=727"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}