{"id":619,"date":"2023-03-03T19:13:48","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T19:13:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/prejudice-and-discrimination\/"},"modified":"2025-12-12T17:12:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-12T17:12:19","slug":"prejudice-and-discrimination","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/prejudice-and-discrimination\/","title":{"raw":"Prejudice and Discrimination: Learn It 1\u2014Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination","rendered":"Prejudice and Discrimination: Learn It 1\u2014Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Understand what prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Define the self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain reasons for the existence of prejudice and discrimination<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination<\/h2>\r\n<p>Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>prejudice<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Prejudice<\/strong> is an attitude and feeling toward an individual \u2013 often negative \u2013 based solely on one\u2019s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3><b>From Prejudice to Stereotypes<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). Prejudice is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group. Thus, certain types of education, contact, interactions, and building relationships with members of different cultural groups can reduce the tendency toward prejudice. In fact, simply imagining interacting with members of different cultural groups might affect prejudice. Indeed, when experimental participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group, this led to an increased positive attitude toward the other group and an increase in positive traits associated with the other group. Furthermore, imagined social interaction can reduce anxiety associated with inter-group interactions (Crisp &amp; Turner, 2009).<\/p>\r\n<p>What are some examples of social groups that you belong to that contribute to your identity? Social groups can include gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, profession, and many more. And, as is true for social roles, you can simultaneously be a member of more than one social group.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"862\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49128\/CNX_Psych_12_05_Discrimination.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"Photograph A shows a sign written in German. Photograph B shows a man drinking at a drinking fountain. Photograph C shows two people holding signs with hate messages.\" width=\"862\" height=\"207\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Prejudice and discrimination occur across the globe. (a) A 1939 sign in German-occupied Poland warns \u201cNo Entrance for Poles!\u201d (b) An African-American male drinks from a designated \u201ccolored\u201d water fountain in Oklahoma in 1939 during the era of racial segregation as a practice of discrimination. (c) A member of the Westboro Baptist Church, widely identified as a hate group, engages in discrimination based on religion and sexual orientation. (credit b: modification of work by United States Farm Security Administration; credit c: modification of work by \u201cJCWilmore\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Can you think of a prejudiced attitude you have held toward a group of people? How did your prejudice develop? Prejudice often begins in the form of a stereotype.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>stereotype<\/h3>\r\n<p>A <strong>stereotype<\/strong> is a negative belief about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics. Stereotypes become overgeneralized and applied to all members of a group.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>For example, someone holding prejudiced attitudes toward older adults may believe that older adults are slow and incompetent (Cuddy, Norton, &amp; Fiske, 2005; Nelson, 2004). We cannot possibly know each individual person of advanced age to know that all older adults are slow and incompetent. Therefore, this negative belief is overgeneralized to all members of the group, even though many of the individual group members may in fact be spry and intelligent.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6481\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"167\"]<img class=\" wp-image-6481\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-217x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"167\" height=\"231\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar pictured in 2014.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h3><b>Challenging Stereotypes with Counterexamples<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Stereotypes often persist even when there is clear evidence that contradicts them. For example, a common stereotype in U.S. culture is that elite athletes\u2014particularly Black male athletes\u2014are physically gifted but less intelligent. Research shows that this belief continues to shape expectations and evaluations, even in academic settings (Hodge et al., 2008).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">However, real-world examples clearly challenge this stereotype. <span class=\"s2\"><b>Kareem Abdul-Jabbar<\/b><\/span>, widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time, also earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in history from UCLA and later completed a master\u2019s degree in the same field. After retiring from professional sports, he became a prolific writer and public intellectual, authoring multiple books on history, politics, and social justice.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Similarly, former NFL player <span class=\"s2\"><b>John Urschel<\/b><\/span> left professional football to pursue mathematics full time. He earned a doctorate in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is now a professor at MIT. Urschel has spoken openly about navigating stereotypes that questioned his intellectual ability while he was an elite athlete.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">These examples highlight an important feature of stereotypes: <span class=\"s2\"><b>they are resistant to change<\/b><\/span>, even in the presence of highly visible counterevidence. Rather than updating beliefs, people may treat individuals like Abdul-Jabbar or Urschel as \u201cexceptions,\u201d allowing the stereotype itself to remain intact. This is one reason stereotypes can be so persistent\u2014and so harmful.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">In these articles, the authors address their experiences and frustrations addressing stereotypes as student-athletes:\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2021\/02\/black-athletes-share-experiences-that-shaped-their-views\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Young, athletically gifted, and Black \u2014 at Harvard<\/a><\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dangerous-stereotypes-stalk-black-college-athletes-101655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dangerous stereotypes stalk black college athletes<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3><b>When Beliefs Become Behavior: Discrimination<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p>Whether or not you agree with a stereotype, stereotypes are generally well-known within\u00a0a given culture (Devine, 1989).\u00a0Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as discrimination.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>discrimination<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Discrimination<\/strong> is an action toward an individual \u2013 mostly negative \u2013 as a result of one\u2019s membership in a particular group (Allport, 1954; Dovidio &amp; Gaertner, 2004). As a result of holding negative beliefs (stereotypes) and negative attitudes (prejudice) about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly, such as excluding older adults from their circle of friends.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Have you ever been the target of discrimination? If so, how did this negative treatment make you feel?<\/p>\r\n<table summary=\"A table contains four columns and four rows. The first row is the header row, with labels of \u201citem,\u201d \u201cfunction,\u201d \u201cconnection,\u201d and \u201cexample.\u201d The three items are \u201cstereotype,\u201d \u201cprejudice,\u201d and \u201cdiscrimination.\u201d Stereotype\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cCognitive; thoughts about people\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cOvergeneralized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u2018Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious.\u201d Prejudice\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cAffective; feelings about people, both positive and negative\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cFeelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u201cI hate Yankees fans; they make me angry.\u201d Discrimination\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cBehavior; positive or negative treatment of others\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cHolding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u201cI would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan.\u201d\">\r\n<caption>Table 1. Connecting Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Connection<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Stereotype<\/td>\r\n<td>Cognitive; thoughts about people<\/td>\r\n<td>Overgeneralized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u201cYankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Prejudice<\/td>\r\n<td>Affective; feelings about people, both positive and negative<\/td>\r\n<td>Feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u201cI hate Yankees fans; they make me angry.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Discrimination<\/td>\r\n<td>Behavior; positive or negative treatment of others<\/td>\r\n<td>Holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members.<\/td>\r\n<td>\u201cI would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew they were a Yankees fan.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>So far, we\u2019ve discussed stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination as negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors because these are typically the most problematic. However, it is important to also point out that people can hold positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward individuals based on group membership; for example, they would show preferential treatment for people who are like themselves\u2014that is, who share the same gender, race, or favorite sports team.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"500\"]4378[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Understand what prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are<\/li>\n<li>Define the self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias<\/li>\n<li>Explain reasons for the existence of prejudice and discrimination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination<\/h2>\n<p>Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>prejudice<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Prejudice<\/strong> is an attitude and feeling toward an individual \u2013 often negative \u2013 based solely on one\u2019s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h3><b>From Prejudice to Stereotypes<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). Prejudice is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group. Thus, certain types of education, contact, interactions, and building relationships with members of different cultural groups can reduce the tendency toward prejudice. In fact, simply imagining interacting with members of different cultural groups might affect prejudice. Indeed, when experimental participants were asked to imagine themselves positively interacting with someone from a different group, this led to an increased positive attitude toward the other group and an increase in positive traits associated with the other group. Furthermore, imagined social interaction can reduce anxiety associated with inter-group interactions (Crisp &amp; Turner, 2009).<\/p>\n<p>What are some examples of social groups that you belong to that contribute to your identity? Social groups can include gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, profession, and many more. And, as is true for social roles, you can simultaneously be a member of more than one social group.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 862px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49128\/CNX_Psych_12_05_Discrimination.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"Photograph A shows a sign written in German. Photograph B shows a man drinking at a drinking fountain. Photograph C shows two people holding signs with hate messages.\" width=\"862\" height=\"207\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Prejudice and discrimination occur across the globe. (a) A 1939 sign in German-occupied Poland warns \u201cNo Entrance for Poles!\u201d (b) An African-American male drinks from a designated \u201ccolored\u201d water fountain in Oklahoma in 1939 during the era of racial segregation as a practice of discrimination. (c) A member of the Westboro Baptist Church, widely identified as a hate group, engages in discrimination based on religion and sexual orientation. (credit b: modification of work by United States Farm Security Administration; credit c: modification of work by \u201cJCWilmore\u201d\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Can you think of a prejudiced attitude you have held toward a group of people? How did your prejudice develop? Prejudice often begins in the form of a stereotype.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>stereotype<\/h3>\n<p>A <strong>stereotype<\/strong> is a negative belief about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics. Stereotypes become overgeneralized and applied to all members of a group.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>For example, someone holding prejudiced attitudes toward older adults may believe that older adults are slow and incompetent (Cuddy, Norton, &amp; Fiske, 2005; Nelson, 2004). We cannot possibly know each individual person of advanced age to know that all older adults are slow and incompetent. Therefore, this negative belief is overgeneralized to all members of the group, even though many of the individual group members may in fact be spry and intelligent.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_6481\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6481\" style=\"width: 167px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6481\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-217x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"167\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-739x1024.jpg 739w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-768x1064.jpg 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-65x90.jpg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-225x312.jpg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014-350x485.jpg 350w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/04164939\/800px-Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6481\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar pictured in 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3><b>Challenging Stereotypes with Counterexamples<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p3\">Stereotypes often persist even when there is clear evidence that contradicts them. For example, a common stereotype in U.S. culture is that elite athletes\u2014particularly Black male athletes\u2014are physically gifted but less intelligent. Research shows that this belief continues to shape expectations and evaluations, even in academic settings (Hodge et al., 2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">However, real-world examples clearly challenge this stereotype. <span class=\"s2\"><b>Kareem Abdul-Jabbar<\/b><\/span>, widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time, also earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in history from UCLA and later completed a master\u2019s degree in the same field. After retiring from professional sports, he became a prolific writer and public intellectual, authoring multiple books on history, politics, and social justice.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Similarly, former NFL player <span class=\"s2\"><b>John Urschel<\/b><\/span> left professional football to pursue mathematics full time. He earned a doctorate in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is now a professor at MIT. Urschel has spoken openly about navigating stereotypes that questioned his intellectual ability while he was an elite athlete.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">These examples highlight an important feature of stereotypes: <span class=\"s2\"><b>they are resistant to change<\/b><\/span>, even in the presence of highly visible counterevidence. Rather than updating beliefs, people may treat individuals like Abdul-Jabbar or Urschel as \u201cexceptions,\u201d allowing the stereotype itself to remain intact. This is one reason stereotypes can be so persistent\u2014and so harmful.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">In these articles, the authors address their experiences and frustrations addressing stereotypes as student-athletes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2021\/02\/black-athletes-share-experiences-that-shaped-their-views\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Young, athletically gifted, and Black \u2014 at Harvard<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/dangerous-stereotypes-stalk-black-college-athletes-101655\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dangerous stereotypes stalk black college athletes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h3><b>When Beliefs Become Behavior: Discrimination<\/b><\/h3>\n<p>Whether or not you agree with a stereotype, stereotypes are generally well-known within\u00a0a given culture (Devine, 1989).\u00a0Sometimes people will act on their prejudiced attitudes toward a group of people, and this behavior is known as discrimination.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>discrimination<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Discrimination<\/strong> is an action toward an individual \u2013 mostly negative \u2013 as a result of one\u2019s membership in a particular group (Allport, 1954; Dovidio &amp; Gaertner, 2004). As a result of holding negative beliefs (stereotypes) and negative attitudes (prejudice) about a particular group, people often treat the target of prejudice poorly, such as excluding older adults from their circle of friends.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Have you ever been the target of discrimination? If so, how did this negative treatment make you feel?<\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table contains four columns and four rows. The first row is the header row, with labels of \u201citem,\u201d \u201cfunction,\u201d \u201cconnection,\u201d and \u201cexample.\u201d The three items are \u201cstereotype,\u201d \u201cprejudice,\u201d and \u201cdiscrimination.\u201d Stereotype\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cCognitive; thoughts about people\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cOvergeneralized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u2018Yankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious.\u201d Prejudice\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cAffective; feelings about people, both positive and negative\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cFeelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u201cI hate Yankees fans; they make me angry.\u201d Discrimination\u2019s \u201cfunction\u201d is \u201cBehavior; positive or negative treatment of others\u201d; its \u201cconnection\u201d is \u201cHolding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members\u201d; its \u201cexample\u201d is \u201cI would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew he or she were a Yankees fan.\u201d\">\n<caption>Table 1. Connecting Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Function<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Connection<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Stereotype<\/td>\n<td>Cognitive; thoughts about people<\/td>\n<td>Overgeneralized beliefs about people may lead to prejudice.<\/td>\n<td>\u201cYankees fans are arrogant and obnoxious.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Prejudice<\/td>\n<td>Affective; feelings about people, both positive and negative<\/td>\n<td>Feelings may influence treatment of others, leading to discrimination.<\/td>\n<td>\u201cI hate Yankees fans; they make me angry.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Discrimination<\/td>\n<td>Behavior; positive or negative treatment of others<\/td>\n<td>Holding stereotypes and harboring prejudice may lead to excluding, avoiding, and biased treatment of group members.<\/td>\n<td>\u201cI would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew they were a Yankees fan.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>So far, we\u2019ve discussed stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination as negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors because these are typically the most problematic. However, it is important to also point out that people can hold positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward individuals based on group membership; for example, they would show preferential treatment for people who are like themselves\u2014that is, who share the same gender, race, or favorite sports team.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4378\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4378&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4378&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":33,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Prejudice and Discrimination\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/12-5-prejudice-and-discrimination\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Link to Learning resources\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Kareem Abdul Jabbar\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar#\/media\/File:Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":585,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Prejudice and Discrimination","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/12-5-prejudice-and-discrimination","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"},{"type":"original","description":"Link to Learning resources","author":"","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Kareem Abdul Jabbar","author":"","organization":"Wikipedia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar#\/media\/File:Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_May_2014.jpg","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/619"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/619\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7390,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/619\/revisions\/7390"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/585"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/619\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=619"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=619"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=619"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}