{"id":565,"date":"2023-03-03T19:13:23","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T19:13:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/9-3-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2023-06-28T15:15:44","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T15:15:44","slug":"9-3-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/9-3-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"Attachment and Parenting: Apply It","rendered":"Attachment and Parenting: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section><section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe attachment styles and the significance of developing a self-concept<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain parenting styles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]4303[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h2>Attachment in Adulthood<\/h2>\r\nAlthough Bowlby was primarily focused on understanding the nature of the infant\u2013caregiver relationship, he believed that attachment characterized human experience across the life course. It was not until the mid-1980s, however, that researchers began to take seriously the possibility that attachment processes may be relevant to adulthood. Hazan and Shaver (1987)[footnote]Hazan, C., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 52, 511-524[\/footnote] were two of the first researchers to explore Bowlby\u2019s ideas in the context of romantic relationships.\r\n\r\nAccording to Hazan and Shaver, the emotional bond that develops between adult romantic partners is partly a function of the same motivational system\u2014the attachment behavioral system\u2014that gives rise to the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers. Hazan and Shaver noted that in both kinds of relationship, people (a) feel safe and secure when the other person is present; (b) turn to the other person during times of sickness, distress, or fear; (c) use the other person as a \u201csecure base\u201d from which to explore the world; and (d) speak to one another in a unique language, often called \u201cmotherese\u201d or \u201cbaby talk.\u201d\r\n\r\nOn the basis of these parallels, Hazan and Shaver (1987) argued that adult romantic relationships, such as infant\u2013caregiver relationships, are attachments. According to Hazan and Shaver, individuals gradually transfer attachment-related functions from parents to peers as they develop. Thus, although young children tend to use their parents as their primary attachment figures, as they reach adolescence and young adulthood, they come to rely more upon close friends and\/or romantic partners for basic attachment-related functions. Thus, although a young child may turn to his or her mother for comfort, support, and guidance when distressed, scared, or ill, young adults may be more likely to turn to their romantic partners for these purposes under similar situations.\u201d\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">Assuming this proposal is accurate, how might the following attachment styles look in the context of an adult relationship?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Secure?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">[reveal-answer q=\"523846\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"523846\"]An individual with a secure attachment to their adult partner is likely to feel safe and secure around their partner, to trust their partner, and to depend upon their partner during times of need.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Avoidant?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">[reveal-answer q=\"838870\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"838870\"]An individual with an avoidant attachment to their adult partner is likely to struggle with forming an intimate relationship with their partner, with trusting their partner, or with allowing themselves to depend on their partner during times of need.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Resistant?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">[reveal-answer q=\"385725\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"385725\"]An individual with an avoidant attachment to their adult partner is likely to want to form an intimate relationship with their partner but will likely have trouble fully trusting their partner or believing their partner will stay if they depend on them in times of need.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Disorganized?\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">[reveal-answer q=\"540382\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"540382\"]An individual with a disorganized attachment to their adult partner is likely to show inconsistent attachment patterns that reflect a difficulty regulating emotions.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3>Characterizing Attachment in Adulthood<\/h3>\r\nHazan and Shaver (1987) asked a diverse sample of adults to read the three paragraphs below and indicate which paragraph best characterized the way they think, feel, and behave in close relationships. Conceptually, these descriptions were designed to represent what Hazan and Shaver considered to be adult analogues of the kinds of attachment patterns Ainsworth described in the strange situation (avoidant, secure, and anxious, respectively). As you reach each one, decide which type of attachment it describes\u2014either secure, avoidant, or anxious.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">[reveal-answer q=\"665258\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"665258\"]avoidant[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don\u2019t worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"885292\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"885292\"]secure[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn\u2019t really love me or won\u2019t want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"66565\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"66565\"]anxious[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that the distribution of the three patterns was similar to that observed in infancy. In other words, about 60% of adults classified themselves as secure (paragraph B), about 20% described themselves as avoidant (paragraph A), and about 20% described themselves as anxious-resistant (paragraph C). Moreover, they found that people who described themselves as secure, for example, were more likely to report having had warm and trusting relationships with their parents when they were growing up. In addition, they were more likely to have positive views of romantic relationships. Based on these findings, Hazan and Shaver (1987) concluded that the same kinds of individual differences that exist in infant attachment also exist in adulthood.","rendered":"<section>\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe attachment styles and the significance of developing a self-concept<\/li>\n<li>Explain parenting styles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4303\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4303&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4303&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h2>Attachment in Adulthood<\/h2>\n<p>Although Bowlby was primarily focused on understanding the nature of the infant\u2013caregiver relationship, he believed that attachment characterized human experience across the life course. It was not until the mid-1980s, however, that researchers began to take seriously the possibility that attachment processes may be relevant to adulthood. Hazan and Shaver (1987)<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Hazan, C., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524\" id=\"return-footnote-565-1\" href=\"#footnote-565-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> were two of the first researchers to explore Bowlby\u2019s ideas in the context of romantic relationships.<\/p>\n<p>According to Hazan and Shaver, the emotional bond that develops between adult romantic partners is partly a function of the same motivational system\u2014the attachment behavioral system\u2014that gives rise to the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers. Hazan and Shaver noted that in both kinds of relationship, people (a) feel safe and secure when the other person is present; (b) turn to the other person during times of sickness, distress, or fear; (c) use the other person as a \u201csecure base\u201d from which to explore the world; and (d) speak to one another in a unique language, often called \u201cmotherese\u201d or \u201cbaby talk.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>On the basis of these parallels, Hazan and Shaver (1987) argued that adult romantic relationships, such as infant\u2013caregiver relationships, are attachments. According to Hazan and Shaver, individuals gradually transfer attachment-related functions from parents to peers as they develop. Thus, although young children tend to use their parents as their primary attachment figures, as they reach adolescence and young adulthood, they come to rely more upon close friends and\/or romantic partners for basic attachment-related functions. Thus, although a young child may turn to his or her mother for comfort, support, and guidance when distressed, scared, or ill, young adults may be more likely to turn to their romantic partners for these purposes under similar situations.\u201d<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">Assuming this proposal is accurate, how might the following attachment styles look in the context of an adult relationship?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Secure?\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q523846\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q523846\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">An individual with a secure attachment to their adult partner is likely to feel safe and secure around their partner, to trust their partner, and to depend upon their partner during times of need.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Avoidant?\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q838870\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q838870\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">An individual with an avoidant attachment to their adult partner is likely to struggle with forming an intimate relationship with their partner, with trusting their partner, or with allowing themselves to depend on their partner during times of need.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Resistant?\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q385725\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q385725\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">An individual with an avoidant attachment to their adult partner is likely to want to form an intimate relationship with their partner but will likely have trouble fully trusting their partner or believing their partner will stay if they depend on them in times of need.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">Disorganized?\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"3\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q540382\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q540382\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">An individual with a disorganized attachment to their adult partner is likely to show inconsistent attachment patterns that reflect a difficulty regulating emotions.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Characterizing Attachment in Adulthood<\/h3>\n<p>Hazan and Shaver (1987) asked a diverse sample of adults to read the three paragraphs below and indicate which paragraph best characterized the way they think, feel, and behave in close relationships. Conceptually, these descriptions were designed to represent what Hazan and Shaver considered to be adult analogues of the kinds of attachment patterns Ainsworth described in the strange situation (avoidant, secure, and anxious, respectively). As you reach each one, decide which type of attachment it describes\u2014either secure, avoidant, or anxious.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow myself to depend on them. I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often, others want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being.\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q665258\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q665258\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">avoidant<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them and having them depend on me. I don\u2019t worry about being abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.\n<ul>\n<li>Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q885292\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q885292\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">secure<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">I find that others are reluctant to get as close as I would like. I often worry that my partner doesn\u2019t really love me or won\u2019t want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away.\n<ul>\n<li>Which type of attachment is this?<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q66565\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q66565\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">anxious<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that the distribution of the three patterns was similar to that observed in infancy. In other words, about 60% of adults classified themselves as secure (paragraph B), about 20% described themselves as avoidant (paragraph A), and about 20% described themselves as anxious-resistant (paragraph C). Moreover, they found that people who described themselves as secure, for example, were more likely to report having had warm and trusting relationships with their parents when they were growing up. In addition, they were more likely to have positive views of romantic relationships. Based on these findings, Hazan and Shaver (1987) concluded that the same kinds of individual differences that exist in infant attachment also exist in adulthood.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-565-1\">Hazan, C., &amp; Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. <em>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>, 52, 511-524 <a href=\"#return-footnote-565-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":20,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Attachment and Parenting: Apply It\",\"author\":\"Jor Grapentine for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Attachment Through the Life Course\",\"author\":\"R. Chris Fraley \",\"organization\":\"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/nobaproject.com\/\",\"project\":\"The Noba Project\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":545,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"original","description":"Attachment and Parenting: Apply It","author":"Jor Grapentine for Lumen Learning","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Attachment Through the Life Course","author":"R. 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