{"id":555,"date":"2023-03-03T19:13:18","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T19:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/stages-of-development\/"},"modified":"2025-12-03T04:58:54","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T04:58:54","slug":"stages-of-development","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/stages-of-development\/","title":{"raw":"Child Development: Learn It 1\u2014Prenatal Development","rendered":"Child Development: Learn It 1\u2014Prenatal Development"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe the stages of prenatal development and the significance of prenatal care<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe infant reflexes<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain the physical development that occurs from infancy through childhood<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain key milestones in Piaget's sensorimotor and preoperational stages<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain key milestones in Piaget's concrete operational and formal operational stages<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Developmental psychologists study how people grow in three major areas: <span class=\"s1\"><b>physical<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s1\"><b>cognitive<\/b><\/span>, and <span class=\"s1\"><b>psychosocial<\/b><\/span> development. Just as Erikson outlined psychosocial stages across the lifespan, we can also look at physical and cognitive development in stages\u2014from <span class=\"s1\"><b>prenatal<\/b><\/span> development to infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Prenatal Development<\/h2>\r\n<p data-depth=\"1\">There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Let\u2019s take a look at what happens to the developing baby in each of these stages.<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Germinal Stage (Weeks 1\u20132)<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Prenatal development begins at <span class=\"s1\"><b>conception<\/b><\/span>, when the sperm fertilizes the egg to form a <span class=\"s1\"><b>zygote<\/b><\/span>\u2014a one-cell organism containing all the genetic material that determines sex and inherited traits.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">During the first two weeks:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">The zygote divides repeatedly through <span class=\"s1\"><b>mitosis<\/b><\/span> (2 cells \u2192 4 cells \u2192 8 cells \u2192 \u2026). This is a fragile process, and fewer than one-half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks (Hall, 2004).<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">As the cells divide, they become more specialized.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">In the germinal stage, the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the uterus.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"244\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49112\/CNX_Psych_09_02_Conception.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A microscopic picture shows a single sperm fusing with the ovum.\" width=\"244\" height=\"165\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Sperm and ovum fuse at the point of conception.[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3\u20138)<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">After the zygote divides for about 7\u201310 days and has 150 cells, it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an <strong>embryo.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Key developments during this stage:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">The <strong><span class=\"s1\">placenta<\/span><\/strong> forms and connects to the uterus, providing nutrients and oxygen.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Major structures\u2014head, chest, abdomen\u2014begin to develop.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\">heart starts beating<\/span>, and vital organs begin to function.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\">neural tube<\/span> forms, which will become the brain and spinal cord.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Fetal Stage (Weeks 9\u201340)<\/h3>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">By nine weeks, the organism is called a <strong>fetus<\/strong>. Development continues rapidly through distinct periods:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Weeks 9-12: <\/strong>The fetus reaches kidney bean size. Sex organs begin differentiating, and the \"tail\" disappears. Fingers and toes are fully developed.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 16: <\/strong>The fetus measures approximately 4.5 inches long. Fingerprints are visible.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 24 (6 months): <\/strong>The fetus weighs up to 1.4 pounds. Hearing has developed, allowing the fetus to respond to sounds. The internal organs\u2014lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines\u2014have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside the womb.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Weeks 16-28:\u00a0<\/strong>Throughout this period, the brain continues to grow and develop, nearly doubling in size.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 36: <\/strong>The fetus is almost ready for birth. It weighs about 6 pounds and is about 18.5 inches long.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 37 onward: <\/strong>By week 37, all of the fetus's organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth. The fetus continues to gain weight and grow in length until approximately 40 weeks. By then, the fetus has very little room to move around, and birth becomes imminent.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6867\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"531\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191031\/1752bba5757c2d2e2f43fb7a6d4a3baf7abfd135.jpeg\"><img class=\" wp-image-6867\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191031\/1752bba5757c2d2e2f43fb7a6d4a3baf7abfd135.jpeg\" alt=\"The growth of a fetus is shown using nine pictures in different stages of development. For each stage, there is a picture of a fetus which gets progressively larger and more mature. The first stage is labeled \u201c9 weeks; fetal stage begins.\u201d The second stage is labeled \u201c12 weeks; sex organs differentiate.\u201d The third stage is labeled \u201c16 weeks; fingers and toes develop.\u201d The fourth stage is labeled \u201c20 weeks; hearing begins.\u201d The fifth stage is labeled \u201c24 weeks; lungs begin to develop.\u201d The sixth stage is labeled \u201c28 weeks; brain grows rapidly.\u201d The seventh stage is labeled \u201c32 weeks; bones fully develop.\u201d The eighth stage is labeled \u201c36 weeks; muscles fully develop.\u201d The ninth stage is labeled \u201c40 weeks; full-term development.\u201d\" width=\"531\" height=\"554\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. During the fetal stage, the baby's brain develops and the body adds size and weight until the fetus reaches full-term development.[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"600\"]4268[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">The Importance of Prenatal Care<\/h3>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6870\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"456\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191242\/93f16559bb80864325e705fbb99e90cbc1924750.jpeg\"><img class=\" wp-image-6870\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191242\/93f16559bb80864325e705fbb99e90cbc1924750.jpeg\" alt=\"A technician uses ultrasound equipment to examine a pregnant woman's belly.\" width=\"456\" height=\"257\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. A pregnant person receives an ultrasound as part of her prenatal care. (credit: \"MIKI Yoshihito_Flickr\"\/Flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>During each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors can affect development. The developing fetus is completely dependent on the gestational parent for life.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Prenatal care encompasses medical care during pregnancy for both the gestational parent and the fetus. It plays a crucial role in promoting optimal development, monitoring overall health, early detection of potential risks, and providing essential education and guidance.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">According to the National Institutes of Health, routine prenatal care reduces the risk of complications during pregnancy. People who are trying to become pregnant should discuss pregnancy planning with a healthcare professional. They may be advised to take a vitamin containing folic acid, which helps prevent certain birth defects, or to monitor aspects of their diet or exercise routines.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">Prenatal Influences: Teratogens and Environmental Factors<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Recall that when the zygote attaches to the wall of the gestational parent's<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> uterus, the placenta is formed. The placenta provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus. Most everything the parent<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> ingests, including food, liquid, and even medication, travels through the placenta to the fetus, hence the common phrase \u201ceating for two.\u201d Anything the gestational parent<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> is exposed to in the environment affects the fetus; if they<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> are exposed to something harmful, the child can show lifelong effects.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">What Are Teratogens?<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">A <strong>teratogen<\/strong> is any environmental agent\u2014biological, chemical, or physical\u2014that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Alcohol<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Alcohol is not safe to drink in any amount during pregnancy. It crosses the placenta and affects the fetus. Alcohol use during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in children in the United States (Maier &amp; West, 2001).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)<\/strong> are a collection of birth defects associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy, with life-long consequences ranging from minor to major.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Physical characteristics may include:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Small head size<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Abnormal facial features (see Table 1)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Cognitive and behavioral effects may include:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Poor judgment and impulse control<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Higher rates of ADHD<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Learning issues and lower IQ scores<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">These developmental problems persist into adulthood (Streissguth et al., 2004). Animal studies suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure may predispose a child to prefer alcohol later in life (Youngentob et al., 2007).<\/p>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<table summary=\"A two column table describes the potential effects of fetal alcohol syndrome. The columns are labeled \u201cfacial feature\u201d and \u201cpotential effect of fetal alcohol syndrome.\u201d From left to right, the first row reads \u201chead size\u201d and \u201cbelow-average head circumference.\u201d The second row reads \u201ceyes\u201d and \u201csmaller than average eye opening, skin folds at corners of eyes.\u201d The third row reads \u201cnose\u201d and \u201clow nasal bridge, short nose.\u201d The fourth row reads \u201cmidface\u201d and \u201csmaller than average midface size.\u201d The fifth row reads \u201clip and philtrum\u201d and \u201cthin upper ilp, indistinct philtrum.\u201d\">\r\n<caption>Table 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Features<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Facial Feature<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Head size<\/td>\r\n<td>Below-average head circumference<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Eyes<\/td>\r\n<td>Smaller than average eye opening, skin folds at corners of eyes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nose<\/td>\r\n<td>Low nasal bridge, short nose<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Midface<\/td>\r\n<td>Smaller than average midface size<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Lip and philtrum<\/td>\r\n<td>Thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Nicotine (Smoking)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Smoking is a teratogen because nicotine travels through the placenta to the fetus. When the gestational parent smokes, the developing baby experiences reduced blood oxygen levels. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), smoking while pregnant can result in:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Premature birth<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Low birth weight<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Stillbirth<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Other Drugs and Teratogens<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, most prescription medicines, and many over-the-counter medications are teratogens. Babies exposed to these substances may experience withdrawal symptoms or exhibit physiological responses reflecting their prenatal experiences. Appropriate medical care and support are essential for their safety and well-being.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Other teratogens include radiation, viruses such as HIV and herpes, and rubella\u2014though most people in the U.S. receive childhood vaccinations against rubella.<\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">Critical Periods in Development<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Each organ develops during a specific <strong>critical period<\/strong> or <strong>sensitive period<\/strong> in pregnancy when it is most vulnerable to damage. For example, research with primate models of FASD has demonstrated that alcohol exposure limited to day 19 or 20 of gestation can lead to significant facial abnormalities (Ashley, Magnuson, Omnell, &amp; Clarren, 1999). Different brain regions also show sensitive periods when they are most susceptible to alcohol's teratogenic effects (Tran &amp; Kelly, 2003).<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">The \"Crack Baby\" Myth<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">In the 1980s, concerns about crack cocaine's impact during pregnancy led to the term \"crack babies.\" Chasnoff (1989) found high premature birth rates among individuals living in poverty who had used cocaine during pregnancy. However, subsequent research showed that these infants did not experience the predicted long-term brain damage or severe developmental problems.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Problems with the Original Research<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Chasnoff's research focused on a specific group of individuals living in poverty who used cocaine\u2014primarily low-income urban populations with multiple risk factors. Methodological limitations made it problematic to generalize the findings to the broader population of pregnant individuals using cocaine.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Harmful Consequences<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">The media's portrayal of crack babies perpetuated anti-Black stereotypes, disproportionately affecting communities of color and reinforcing misconceptions that linked drug use to moral character. This focus on crack cocaine overshadowed other social factors contributing to substance abuse and obscured the broader context of maternal health. The crack baby myth perpetuated harmful stereotypes and overlooked systemic issues surrounding drug addiction and maternal well-being.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">Ethical Considerations: Drug Use and Pregnancy<\/h3>\r\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-3873 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM.png\" alt=\"APA Theme G: Ethical principles guide psychology research and practice\" width=\"433\" height=\"114\" \/> Addressing substance use during pregnancy requires thoughtful consideration of effective and ethical approaches to support pregnant individuals and promote the well-being of both mothers and children.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">The Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy implemented in Charleston aimed to deter drug use through mandatory screenings and legal actions. However, it faced significant challenges and negative outcomes.<\/p>\r\n<p>This policy seemed to deter pregnant people from seeking prenatal care, deterred them from seeking other social services, and was applied solely to low-income women, resulting in lawsuits. The program was canceled after 5 years, during which 42 women were arrested. A federal agency later determined that the program involved human experimentation without the approval and oversight of an institutional review board (IRB).<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>What were the flaws in the program, and how would you correct them?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What are the ethical implications of charging pregnant women with child abuse?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"500\"]4271[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the stages of prenatal development and the significance of prenatal care<\/li>\n<li>Describe infant reflexes<\/li>\n<li>Explain the physical development that occurs from infancy through childhood<\/li>\n<li>Explain key milestones in Piaget&#8217;s sensorimotor and preoperational stages<\/li>\n<li>Explain key milestones in Piaget&#8217;s concrete operational and formal operational stages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p class=\"p1\">Developmental psychologists study how people grow in three major areas: <span class=\"s1\"><b>physical<\/b><\/span>, <span class=\"s1\"><b>cognitive<\/b><\/span>, and <span class=\"s1\"><b>psychosocial<\/b><\/span> development. Just as Erikson outlined psychosocial stages across the lifespan, we can also look at physical and cognitive development in stages\u2014from <span class=\"s1\"><b>prenatal<\/b><\/span> development to infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.<\/p>\n<h2>Prenatal Development<\/h2>\n<p data-depth=\"1\">There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Let\u2019s take a look at what happens to the developing baby in each of these stages.<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Germinal Stage (Weeks 1\u20132)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Prenatal development begins at <span class=\"s1\"><b>conception<\/b><\/span>, when the sperm fertilizes the egg to form a <span class=\"s1\"><b>zygote<\/b><\/span>\u2014a one-cell organism containing all the genetic material that determines sex and inherited traits.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">During the first two weeks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">The zygote divides repeatedly through <span class=\"s1\"><b>mitosis<\/b><\/span> (2 cells \u2192 4 cells \u2192 8 cells \u2192 \u2026). This is a fragile process, and fewer than one-half of all zygotes survive beyond the first two weeks (Hall, 2004).<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">As the cells divide, they become more specialized.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">In the germinal stage, the mass of cells has yet to attach itself to the lining of the uterus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49112\/CNX_Psych_09_02_Conception.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A microscopic picture shows a single sperm fusing with the ovum.\" width=\"244\" height=\"165\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Sperm and ovum fuse at the point of conception.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3\u20138)<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">After the zygote divides for about 7\u201310 days and has 150 cells, it travels down the fallopian tubes and implants itself in the lining of the uterus. Upon implantation, this multi-cellular organism is called an <strong>embryo.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Key developments during this stage:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">The <strong><span class=\"s1\">placenta<\/span><\/strong> forms and connects to the uterus, providing nutrients and oxygen.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Major structures\u2014head, chest, abdomen\u2014begin to develop.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\">heart starts beating<\/span>, and vital organs begin to function.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">The <span class=\"s1\">neural tube<\/span> forms, which will become the brain and spinal cord.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 data-type=\"title\">Fetal Stage (Weeks 9\u201340)<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">By nine weeks, the organism is called a <strong>fetus<\/strong>. Development continues rapidly through distinct periods:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Weeks 9-12: <\/strong>The fetus reaches kidney bean size. Sex organs begin differentiating, and the &#8220;tail&#8221; disappears. Fingers and toes are fully developed.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 16: <\/strong>The fetus measures approximately 4.5 inches long. Fingerprints are visible.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 24 (6 months): <\/strong>The fetus weighs up to 1.4 pounds. Hearing has developed, allowing the fetus to respond to sounds. The internal organs\u2014lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines\u2014have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside the womb.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Weeks 16-28:\u00a0<\/strong>Throughout this period, the brain continues to grow and develop, nearly doubling in size.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 36: <\/strong>The fetus is almost ready for birth. It weighs about 6 pounds and is about 18.5 inches long.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Week 37 onward: <\/strong>By week 37, all of the fetus&#8217;s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth. The fetus continues to gain weight and grow in length until approximately 40 weeks. By then, the fetus has very little room to move around, and birth becomes imminent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6867\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6867\" style=\"width: 531px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191031\/1752bba5757c2d2e2f43fb7a6d4a3baf7abfd135.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6867\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191031\/1752bba5757c2d2e2f43fb7a6d4a3baf7abfd135.jpeg\" alt=\"The growth of a fetus is shown using nine pictures in different stages of development. For each stage, there is a picture of a fetus which gets progressively larger and more mature. The first stage is labeled \u201c9 weeks; fetal stage begins.\u201d The second stage is labeled \u201c12 weeks; sex organs differentiate.\u201d The third stage is labeled \u201c16 weeks; fingers and toes develop.\u201d The fourth stage is labeled \u201c20 weeks; hearing begins.\u201d The fifth stage is labeled \u201c24 weeks; lungs begin to develop.\u201d The sixth stage is labeled \u201c28 weeks; brain grows rapidly.\u201d The seventh stage is labeled \u201c32 weeks; bones fully develop.\u201d The eighth stage is labeled \u201c36 weeks; muscles fully develop.\u201d The ninth stage is labeled \u201c40 weeks; full-term development.\u201d\" width=\"531\" height=\"554\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6867\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. During the fetal stage, the baby&#8217;s brain develops and the body adds size and weight until the fetus reaches full-term development.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4268\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4268&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4268&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">The Importance of Prenatal Care<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6870\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6870\" style=\"width: 456px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191242\/93f16559bb80864325e705fbb99e90cbc1924750.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6870\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/03191242\/93f16559bb80864325e705fbb99e90cbc1924750.jpeg\" alt=\"A technician uses ultrasound equipment to examine a pregnant woman's belly.\" width=\"456\" height=\"257\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6870\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. A pregnant person receives an ultrasound as part of her prenatal care. (credit: &#8220;MIKI Yoshihito_Flickr&#8221;\/Flickr)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>During each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors can affect development. The developing fetus is completely dependent on the gestational parent for life.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Prenatal care encompasses medical care during pregnancy for both the gestational parent and the fetus. It plays a crucial role in promoting optimal development, monitoring overall health, early detection of potential risks, and providing essential education and guidance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">According to the National Institutes of Health, routine prenatal care reduces the risk of complications during pregnancy. People who are trying to become pregnant should discuss pregnancy planning with a healthcare professional. They may be advised to take a vitamin containing folic acid, which helps prevent certain birth defects, or to monitor aspects of their diet or exercise routines.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">Prenatal Influences: Teratogens and Environmental Factors<\/span><\/h2>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\"><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Recall that when the zygote attaches to the wall of the gestational parent&#8217;s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> uterus, the placenta is formed. The placenta provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus. Most everything the parent<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> ingests, including food, liquid, and even medication, travels through the placenta to the fetus, hence the common phrase \u201ceating for two.\u201d Anything the gestational parent<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> is exposed to in the environment affects the fetus; if they<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"> are exposed to something harmful, the child can show lifelong effects.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">What Are Teratogens?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">A <strong>teratogen<\/strong> is any environmental agent\u2014biological, chemical, or physical\u2014that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Alcohol<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Alcohol is not safe to drink in any amount during pregnancy. It crosses the placenta and affects the fetus. Alcohol use during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in children in the United States (Maier &amp; West, 2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)<\/strong> are a collection of birth defects associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy, with life-long consequences ranging from minor to major.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Physical characteristics may include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Small head size<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Abnormal facial features (see Table 1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Cognitive and behavioral effects may include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Poor judgment and impulse control<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Higher rates of ADHD<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Learning issues and lower IQ scores<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">These developmental problems persist into adulthood (Streissguth et al., 2004). Animal studies suggest that prenatal alcohol exposure may predispose a child to prefer alcohol later in life (Youngentob et al., 2007).<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-nocaption \"><\/div>\n<table summary=\"A two column table describes the potential effects of fetal alcohol syndrome. The columns are labeled \u201cfacial feature\u201d and \u201cpotential effect of fetal alcohol syndrome.\u201d From left to right, the first row reads \u201chead size\u201d and \u201cbelow-average head circumference.\u201d The second row reads \u201ceyes\u201d and \u201csmaller than average eye opening, skin folds at corners of eyes.\u201d The third row reads \u201cnose\u201d and \u201clow nasal bridge, short nose.\u201d The fourth row reads \u201cmidface\u201d and \u201csmaller than average midface size.\u201d The fifth row reads \u201clip and philtrum\u201d and \u201cthin upper ilp, indistinct philtrum.\u201d\">\n<caption>Table 1. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Features<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Facial Feature<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Potential Effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Head size<\/td>\n<td>Below-average head circumference<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Eyes<\/td>\n<td>Smaller than average eye opening, skin folds at corners of eyes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nose<\/td>\n<td>Low nasal bridge, short nose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Midface<\/td>\n<td>Smaller than average midface size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lip and philtrum<\/td>\n<td>Thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Nicotine (Smoking)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Smoking is a teratogen because nicotine travels through the placenta to the fetus. When the gestational parent smokes, the developing baby experiences reduced blood oxygen levels. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), smoking while pregnant can result in:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"[&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc space-y-2.5 pl-7\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Premature birth<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Low birth weight<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Stillbirth<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words\">Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Other Drugs and Teratogens<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, most prescription medicines, and many over-the-counter medications are teratogens. Babies exposed to these substances may experience withdrawal symptoms or exhibit physiological responses reflecting their prenatal experiences. Appropriate medical care and support are essential for their safety and well-being.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Other teratogens include radiation, viruses such as HIV and herpes, and rubella\u2014though most people in the U.S. receive childhood vaccinations against rubella.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">Critical Periods in Development<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Each organ develops during a specific <strong>critical period<\/strong> or <strong>sensitive period<\/strong> in pregnancy when it is most vulnerable to damage. For example, research with primate models of FASD has demonstrated that alcohol exposure limited to day 19 or 20 of gestation can lead to significant facial abnormalities (Ashley, Magnuson, Omnell, &amp; Clarren, 1999). Different brain regions also show sensitive periods when they are most susceptible to alcohol&#8217;s teratogenic effects (Tran &amp; Kelly, 2003).<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">The &#8220;Crack Baby&#8221; Myth<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">In the 1980s, concerns about crack cocaine&#8217;s impact during pregnancy led to the term &#8220;crack babies.&#8221; Chasnoff (1989) found high premature birth rates among individuals living in poverty who had used cocaine during pregnancy. However, subsequent research showed that these infants did not experience the predicted long-term brain damage or severe developmental problems.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Problems with the Original Research<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">Chasnoff&#8217;s research focused on a specific group of individuals living in poverty who used cocaine\u2014primarily low-income urban populations with multiple risk factors. Methodological limitations made it problematic to generalize the findings to the broader population of pregnant individuals using cocaine.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\"><strong>Harmful Consequences<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">The media&#8217;s portrayal of crack babies perpetuated anti-Black stereotypes, disproportionately affecting communities of color and reinforcing misconceptions that linked drug use to moral character. This focus on crack cocaine overshadowed other social factors contributing to substance abuse and obscured the broader context of maternal health. The crack baby myth perpetuated harmful stereotypes and overlooked systemic issues surrounding drug addiction and maternal well-being.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3 class=\"font-claude-response-subheading text-text-100 mt-1 -mb-1.5\">Ethical Considerations: Drug Use and Pregnancy<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3873 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM.png\" alt=\"APA Theme G: Ethical principles guide psychology research and practice\" width=\"433\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM.png 1422w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-1024x269.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-768x202.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-1200x316.png 1200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-65x17.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-225x59.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155221\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.51.51-AM-350x92.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 433px) 100vw, 433px\" \/> Addressing substance use during pregnancy requires thoughtful consideration of effective and ethical approaches to support pregnant individuals and promote the well-being of both mothers and children.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body whitespace-normal break-words\">The Interagency Policy on Management of Substance Abuse During Pregnancy implemented in Charleston aimed to deter drug use through mandatory screenings and legal actions. However, it faced significant challenges and negative outcomes.<\/p>\n<p>This policy seemed to deter pregnant people from seeking prenatal care, deterred them from seeking other social services, and was applied solely to low-income women, resulting in lawsuits. The program was canceled after 5 years, during which 42 women were arrested. A federal agency later determined that the program involved human experimentation without the approval and oversight of an institutional review board (IRB).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What were the flaws in the program, and how would you correct them?<\/li>\n<li>What are the ethical implications of charging pregnant women with child abuse?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4271\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4271&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4271&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Stages of Development\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/9-3-stages-of-development\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification and adaptation, addition of TED talk\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":545,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Stages of Development","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/9-3-stages-of-development","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"},{"type":"original","description":"Modification and adaptation, addition of TED talk","author":"","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/555"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7316,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/555\/revisions\/7316"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/545"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/555\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=555"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=555"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}