The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\r\n
Download a PDF of this page here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n Download the Spanish version here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n accommodation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known<\/p>\r\n adolescence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood<\/p>\r\n adrenarche<\/strong><\/p>\r\n maturing of the adrenal glands<\/p>\r\n assimilation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known<\/p>\r\n attachment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n long-standing connection or bond with others<\/p>\r\n authoritarian parenting style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child<\/p>\r\n avoidant attachment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n characterized by child\u2019s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves<\/p>\r\n cognitive development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity<\/p>\r\n conception<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote<\/p>\r\n concrete operational stage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n third stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events<\/p>\r\n conservation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed<\/p>\r\n continuous development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills<\/p>\r\n critical (sensitive) period<\/strong><\/p>\r\n time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop<\/p>\r\n crystallized intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n intelligence that draws upon experience and knowledge. Measures include vocabulary tests, solving number problems, and understanding texts<\/p>\r\n developmental milestone<\/strong><\/p>\r\n approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events<\/p>\r\n discontinuous development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages<\/p>\r\n disorganized attachment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n characterized by the child\u2019s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused<\/p>\r\n egocentrism<\/strong><\/p>\r\n preoperational child\u2019s difficulty in taking the perspective of others<\/p>\r\n embryo<\/strong><\/p>\r\n multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development<\/p>\r\n emerging adulthood<\/strong><\/p>\r\n newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family<\/p>\r\n fine motor skills<\/strong><\/p>\r\n use of muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes to coordinate small actions<\/p>\r\n five stages of grief<\/strong><\/p>\r\n denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance<\/p>\r\n fluid intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n information processing abilities, such as logical reasoning, remembering lists, spatial ability, and reaction time<\/p>\r\n foreclosure<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when an individual commits to an identity without exploring options<\/p>\r\n formal operational stage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n final stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations<\/p>\r\n gonadarche<\/strong><\/p>\r\n maturing of the sex glands<\/p>\r\n grasping reflex<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Newborn's automatic grasping of objects that touch their palms<\/p>\r\n gross motor skills<\/strong><\/p>\r\n use of large muscle groups to control arms and legs for large body movements<\/p>\r\n hospice<\/strong><\/p>\r\n service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting<\/p>\r\n identity achievement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when individuals have explored different options and then made identity commitments<\/p>\r\n identity diffusion<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when adolescents neither explore nor commit to any identities<\/p>\r\n menarche<\/strong><\/p>\r\n beginning of menstrual period; around 12\u201313 years old<\/p>\r\n mitosis<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process of cell division<\/p>\r\n moratorium<\/strong><\/p>\r\n a state in which adolescents are actively exploring options but have not yet made commitments<\/p>\r\n Moro reflex<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Newborn's response to a falling sensation, characterized by spreading arms, pulling them back, and often crying<\/p>\r\n motor skills<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to move our body and manipulate objects<\/p>\r\n nature<\/strong><\/p>\r\n genes and biology<\/p>\r\n newborn reflexes<\/strong><\/p>\r\n inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with<\/p>\r\n normative approach<\/strong><\/p>\r\n study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones<\/p>\r\n nurture<\/strong><\/p>\r\n environment and culture<\/p>\r\n object permanence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists<\/p>\r\n permissive parenting style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n parents make few demands and rarely use punishment<\/p>\r\n physical development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness<\/p>\r\n placenta<\/strong><\/p>\r\n structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby<\/p>\r\n prenatal care<\/strong><\/p>\r\n medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus<\/p>\r\n preoperational stage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n second stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically<\/p>\r\n primary sexual characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n organs specifically needed for reproduction<\/p>\r\n psychosexual development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process proposed by Freud in which pleasure-seeking urges focus on different erogenous zones of the body as humans move through five stages of life<\/p>\r\n psychosocial development<\/strong><\/p>\r\n domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships; process proposed by Erikson in which social tasks are mastered as humans move through eight stages of life from infancy to adulthood<\/p>\r\n resistant attachment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n characterized by the child\u2019s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child<\/p>\r\n reversibility<\/strong><\/p>\r\n understanding that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition<\/p>\r\n rooting reflex<\/strong><\/p>\r\n newborn's response to touch on the cheek, turning the head and initiating sucking<\/p>\r\n schema (plural = schemata)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information<\/p>\r\n secondary sexual characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs<\/p>\r\n secure attachment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore<\/p>\r\n secure base<\/strong><\/p>\r\n parental presence that gives the infant\/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings<\/p>\r\n sensorimotor stage<\/strong><\/p>\r\n first stage in Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior<\/p>\r\n spermarche<\/strong><\/p>\r\n first male ejaculation<\/p>\r\n stages of moral reasoning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development<\/p>\r\n sucking reflex<\/strong><\/p>\r\n automatic, unlearned sucking motions infants perform with their mouths<\/p>\r\n temperament<\/strong><\/p>\r\n innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment<\/p>\r\n teratogen<\/strong><\/p>\r\n biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus<\/p>\r\n theory-of-mind<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the understanding that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from our own<\/p>\r\n uninvolved parenting style<\/strong><\/p>\r\n parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don\u2019t respond to the child\u2019s needs and make relatively few demands<\/p>\r\n zygote<\/strong><\/p>\r\n structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta<\/p>","rendered":" The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\nEssential Concepts<\/h2>\r\n
Theories of Development<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n\t
Child Development<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n\t
\r\n\t
\r\n\t
Attachment and Parenting<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
Adolescent Development and Moral Reasoning<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
Adult Development<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n\t
Glossary<\/h2>\r\n