{"id":539,"date":"2023-03-03T19:13:11","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T19:13:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/psych-in-real-life-the-bobo-doll-experiment\/"},"modified":"2025-11-26T18:38:33","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T18:38:33","slug":"psych-in-real-life-the-bobo-doll-experiment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/psych-in-real-life-the-bobo-doll-experiment\/","title":{"raw":"Other Types of Learning: Learn It 4\u2014Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment","rendered":"Other Types of Learning: Learn It 4\u2014Bandura&#8217;s Bobo Doll Experiment"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Steps in the Modeling Process<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Even though observational learning begins with watching someone else, <span class=\"s1\"><b>we don\u2019t automatically learn a behavior just by seeing it.<\/b><\/span> Bandura identified four specific steps\u2014<span class=\"s1\"><b>attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation<\/b><\/span>\u2014that must occur for modeling to be successful.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>the behavioral modeling process<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>First, you must be focused on what the model is doing\u2014you have to pay <strong>attention<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Next, you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is <strong>retention<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is <strong>reproduction<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Finally, you must have <strong>motivation<\/strong>. You need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not you are motivated depends on what happened to the model.\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>If you saw that the model was reinforced for their behavior, you will be more motivated to copy them. This is known as <strong style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">vicarious reinforcement.<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\"> On the other hand, if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy them. This is called <\/span><strong style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">vicarious punishment<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Four-year-old Ellie watches her older sister play with their mother\u2019s makeup and then get scolded. Later, Ellie considers doing the same thing but decides not to\u2014she wants to avoid the punishment she saw.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2><b>Bandura\u2019s Bobo Doll Experiment<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Albert Bandura conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology to examine how children learn aggression through observation (Bandura, Ross, &amp; Ross, 1961). He used a five-foot inflatable clown doll\u2014<span class=\"s1\"><b>the Bobo doll<\/b><\/span>\u2014as the target of the model\u2019s behavior.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Bandura wanted to know:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Would children imitate aggressive behavior they observed?<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Would consequences to the model (reward or punishment) affect imitation?<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Would the child\u2019s sex or the model\u2019s sex matter?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Watch the following\u00a0to see a portion of the famous Bobo doll experiment, including an interview with Albert Bandura.<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=4323938&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=Z0iWpSNu3NU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-pfhtsdkj-Z0iWpSNu3NU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><br \/>\r\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/AlbertBanduraBoboDollExperiment.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\r\n<h3>Phase 1 of the Experiment: The Observation Phase<\/h3>\r\n<p>The observation phase of the experiment is when the children see the behavior of the adults. Each child was shown into a room where an adult was already sitting near the Bobo doll.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Children watched one of three scenarios:<\/p>\r\n<ol start=\"1\">\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Aggressive model (treatment): <\/b><b><\/b>The adult hit, kicked, threw, and even verbally attacked the doll.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Non-aggressive model (control 1): <\/b><b><\/b>The adult quietly played with other toys.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>No model (control 2): <\/b><b><\/b>The child saw no adult at all.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Children were positioned so they had a clear view of the adult\u2019s behavior.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4334\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"369\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/14172414\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-14-at-1.23.51-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4334\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/14172414\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-14-at-1.23.51-PM.png\" alt=\"Image with clip art showing how the experimenter stood behind the glass of a see-through mirror to observe an adult who hit the bobo doll with the mallet, along with a child who played and observed in the same room.\" width=\"369\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Set-up of the Bobo Doll experiment.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h3>Phase 2 of the Experiment: Frustration<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Bandura believed frustration might increase the likelihood of aggression, so he briefly allowed children to play with very appealing toys in a second room. Then, just as they became engaged, the experimenter told them: <b>\u201cThese are the best toys, and I\u2019m saving them for other children.\u201d<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This reliably created mild frustration, setting the stage for Phase 3.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"450\"]4241[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h3>Phase 3 of the Experiment: The Testing Phase<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Children were then taken to a third room filled with a mix of:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Non-aggressive toys<\/span> (crayons, tea set, trucks)<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Aggressive toys<\/span> (mallet, dart gun)<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Bobo doll and hammer<\/span>\u2014the same items the model used earlier<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">They were allowed to play freely for <span class=\"s2\"><b>20 minutes<\/b><\/span>. A neutral adult stayed in the room but did not interact with the child. Researchers observed from behind a one-way mirror and recorded:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Imitative physical aggression<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Imitative verbal aggression<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Non-imitative aggression<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\">Other play behaviors<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Below are the results for the number of <em class=\"bold\">imitative physically aggressive<\/em> acts the children showed on average toward the Bobo doll. These acts included hitting and punching the Bobo doll. On the left, you see the two modeling conditions: aggression by the model in phase 1 or no aggression by the model in phase 1. Note: Children in the no-model conditions showed very few physically aggressive acts and their results do not change the interpretation, so we will keep the results simple by leaving them out of the table.<\/p>\r\n<p>Table 1. Physical aggression results from Bandura's experiment<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 103px;\" width=\"553\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td aria-label=\"no value\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td>25.8<\/td>\r\n<td>7.2<\/td>\r\n<td>12.4<\/td>\r\n<td>5.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>No Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td>1.5<\/td>\r\n<td>0.0<\/td>\r\n<td>0.2<\/td>\r\n<td>2.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"1100\"]4242[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p>The story is slightly, though not completely, different when we look at <em class=\"italic\">imitative verbal<\/em> aggression, rather than <em class=\"italic\">physical<\/em> aggression. The table below shows the number of <em class=\"italic\">verbally aggressive<\/em> statements by the boys and girls under different conditions in the experiment. Verbally aggressive statements were ones like the models had made: for example, \u201cSock him\u201d and \u201cKick him down!\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p>Note: Just as was true for the physically aggressive acts, children in the no model conditions showed very few verbally aggressive acts either and their results do not change the interpretation, so we will keep the results simple by leaving them out of the table.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Table 2<\/strong>. Verbal aggression results from Bandura's experiment<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 103px;\" width=\"553\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td aria-label=\"no value\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td>12.7<\/td>\r\n<td>2.0<\/td>\r\n<td>4.3<\/td>\r\n<td>13.7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>No Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<td>0.0<\/td>\r\n<td>0.0<\/td>\r\n<td>1.1<\/td>\r\n<td>0.3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"1000\"]4243[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>Steps in the Modeling Process<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Even though observational learning begins with watching someone else, <span class=\"s1\"><b>we don\u2019t automatically learn a behavior just by seeing it.<\/b><\/span> Bandura identified four specific steps\u2014<span class=\"s1\"><b>attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation<\/b><\/span>\u2014that must occur for modeling to be successful.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>the behavioral modeling process<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>First, you must be focused on what the model is doing\u2014you have to pay <strong>attention<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Next, you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is <strong>retention<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is <strong>reproduction<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Finally, you must have <strong>motivation<\/strong>. You need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not you are motivated depends on what happened to the model.\n<ol>\n<li>If you saw that the model was reinforced for their behavior, you will be more motivated to copy them. This is known as <strong style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">vicarious reinforcement.<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\"> On the other hand, if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy them. This is called <\/span><strong style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">vicarious punishment<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Public Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<p class=\"p1\">Four-year-old Ellie watches her older sister play with their mother\u2019s makeup and then get scolded. Later, Ellie considers doing the same thing but decides not to\u2014she wants to avoid the punishment she saw.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2><b>Bandura\u2019s Bobo Doll Experiment<\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Albert Bandura conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology to examine how children learn aggression through observation (Bandura, Ross, &amp; Ross, 1961). He used a five-foot inflatable clown doll\u2014<span class=\"s1\"><b>the Bobo doll<\/b><\/span>\u2014as the target of the model\u2019s behavior.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Bandura wanted to know:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">Would children imitate aggressive behavior they observed?<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Would consequences to the model (reward or punishment) affect imitation?<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Would the child\u2019s sex or the model\u2019s sex matter?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Watch the following\u00a0to see a portion of the famous Bobo doll experiment, including an interview with Albert Bandura.<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=4323938&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=Z0iWpSNu3NU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-pfhtsdkj-Z0iWpSNu3NU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><br \/>\nYou can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/AlbertBanduraBoboDollExperiment.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\n<h3>Phase 1 of the Experiment: The Observation Phase<\/h3>\n<p>The observation phase of the experiment is when the children see the behavior of the adults. Each child was shown into a room where an adult was already sitting near the Bobo doll.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Children watched one of three scenarios:<\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Aggressive model (treatment): <\/b><b><\/b>The adult hit, kicked, threw, and even verbally attacked the doll.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>Non-aggressive model (control 1): <\/b><b><\/b>The adult quietly played with other toys.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><b>No model (control 2): <\/b><b><\/b>The child saw no adult at all.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"p1\">Children were positioned so they had a clear view of the adult\u2019s behavior.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4334\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4334\" style=\"width: 369px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/14172414\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-14-at-1.23.51-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4334\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/14172414\/Screen-Shot-2017-04-14-at-1.23.51-PM.png\" alt=\"Image with clip art showing how the experimenter stood behind the glass of a see-through mirror to observe an adult who hit the bobo doll with the mallet, along with a child who played and observed in the same room.\" width=\"369\" height=\"264\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Set-up of the Bobo Doll experiment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Phase 2 of the Experiment: Frustration<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Bandura believed frustration might increase the likelihood of aggression, so he briefly allowed children to play with very appealing toys in a second room. Then, just as they became engaged, the experimenter told them: <b>\u201cThese are the best toys, and I\u2019m saving them for other children.\u201d<\/b><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This reliably created mild frustration, setting the stage for Phase 3.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4241\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4241&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4241&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h3>Phase 3 of the Experiment: The Testing Phase<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Children were then taken to a third room filled with a mix of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Non-aggressive toys<\/span> (crayons, tea set, trucks)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Aggressive toys<\/span> (mallet, dart gun)<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Bobo doll and hammer<\/span>\u2014the same items the model used earlier<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">They were allowed to play freely for <span class=\"s2\"><b>20 minutes<\/b><\/span>. A neutral adult stayed in the room but did not interact with the child. Researchers observed from behind a one-way mirror and recorded:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\">Imitative physical aggression<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Imitative verbal aggression<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Non-imitative aggression<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\">Other play behaviors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Below are the results for the number of <em class=\"bold\">imitative physically aggressive<\/em> acts the children showed on average toward the Bobo doll. These acts included hitting and punching the Bobo doll. On the left, you see the two modeling conditions: aggression by the model in phase 1 or no aggression by the model in phase 1. Note: Children in the no-model conditions showed very few physically aggressive acts and their results do not change the interpretation, so we will keep the results simple by leaving them out of the table.<\/p>\n<p>Table 1. Physical aggression results from Bandura&#8217;s experiment<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 103px; width: 553px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td aria-label=\"no value\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\n<td>25.8<\/td>\n<td>7.2<\/td>\n<td>12.4<\/td>\n<td>5.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>No Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td>0.2<\/td>\n<td>2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4242\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4242&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4242&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1100\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>The story is slightly, though not completely, different when we look at <em class=\"italic\">imitative verbal<\/em> aggression, rather than <em class=\"italic\">physical<\/em> aggression. The table below shows the number of <em class=\"italic\">verbally aggressive<\/em> statements by the boys and girls under different conditions in the experiment. Verbally aggressive statements were ones like the models had made: for example, \u201cSock him\u201d and \u201cKick him down!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Note: Just as was true for the physically aggressive acts, children in the no model conditions showed very few verbally aggressive acts either and their results do not change the interpretation, so we will keep the results simple by leaving them out of the table.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Table 2<\/strong>. Verbal aggression results from Bandura&#8217;s experiment<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 103px; width: 553px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td aria-label=\"no value\">\u00a0<\/td>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Male Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Boys<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Female Model: Girls<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\n<td>12.7<\/td>\n<td>2.0<\/td>\n<td>4.3<\/td>\n<td>13.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong>No Aggression<\/strong><\/th>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td>0.0<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<td>0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4243\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4243&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4243&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1000\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":28,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Observational Learning\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Open Learning Initiative\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/oli.cmu.edu\/jcourse\/workbook\/activity\/page?context=df3e71c70a0001dc01587dcb723e2002\",\"project\":\"Psychology\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4\",\"author\":\"kpharden\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Z0iWpSNu3NU\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":512,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Observational Learning","author":"","organization":"Open Learning Initiative","url":"https:\/\/oli.cmu.edu\/jcourse\/workbook\/activity\/page?context=df3e71c70a0001dc01587dcb723e2002","project":"Psychology","license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"original","description":"","author":"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"copyrighted_video","description":"Albert Bandura Bobo Doll experiment.mp4","author":"kpharden","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Z0iWpSNu3NU","project":"","license":"other","license_terms":"Standard YouTube License"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/539"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/539\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7301,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/539\/revisions\/7301"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/512"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/539\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=539"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=539"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=539"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=539"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}