{"id":531,"date":"2023-03-03T19:13:08","date_gmt":"2023-03-03T19:13:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/8-3-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2025-11-25T17:35:00","modified_gmt":"2025-11-25T17:35:00","slug":"8-3-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/8-3-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"Operant Conditioning: Apply It","rendered":"Operant Conditioning: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Define and give examples of operant conditioning<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand the difference between reinforcement and punishment<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify types of reinforcement and punishment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Are you superstitious? If so, you are definitely not alone.<\/p>\r\n<p>There are quite a few famous athletes who have reported a long list of superstitious behaviors. Michael Jordan wore his University of North Carolina basketball shorts under his Chicago Bulls uniform; tennis superstar Serena Williams is known to bounce the ball five times before her first serve and two times before her second; Olympic skier Eileen Gu\u2019s always performs a careful ski-pole tapping routine before dropping in to start her competition.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>How might these behaviors be linked to the concepts you learned about conditioning in this module?<\/p>\r\n<p>Curiously, even B.F. Skinner began to see signs of superstitious behavior in pigeons during his experiments. Pigeons, like humans, associate rewards with\u00a0superstitious rituals when they see positive results. When pigeons looked over their left shoulder (operant conditioning), they were hopeful that a reward would come, just as an athlete who wears the same lucky socks comes to associate the special socks with superior performance.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Research into superstition has shown that, even if the behaviors seem silly, they can be effective in improving performance, most likely due to the increased confidence and security people feel when they engage in these rituals.<br \/>\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1793480&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=7XbH78wscGw&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vifxljmx-7XbH78wscGw\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>\r\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SuperstitiousBehaviorPidginReward.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Superstitious Behavior - Pidgin Reward\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Hopefully, you can continue to see and find examples of all types of conditioning in your life. From classically conditioned food aversions, operantly conditioned rewards, or surprising latent learning, there are applications of learning all around you.[footnote]DeLessio, Joe (2015, June 15). Why Superstitions Help Athletes Perform Better. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/nymag.com\/scienceofus\/2015\/06\/why-superstitions-help-athletes-perform-better.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/nymag.com\/scienceofus\/2015\/06\/why-superstitions-help-athletes-perform-better.html<\/a>[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Review operant conditioning and the differences between reinforcement and punishment in the following interactive:<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291014309024075518\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Define and give examples of operant conditioning<\/li>\n<li>Understand the difference between reinforcement and punishment<\/li>\n<li>Identify types of reinforcement and punishment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>Are you superstitious? If so, you are definitely not alone.<\/p>\n<p>There are quite a few famous athletes who have reported a long list of superstitious behaviors. Michael Jordan wore his University of North Carolina basketball shorts under his Chicago Bulls uniform; tennis superstar Serena Williams is known to bounce the ball five times before her first serve and two times before her second; Olympic skier Eileen Gu\u2019s always performs a careful ski-pole tapping routine before dropping in to start her competition.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>How might these behaviors be linked to the concepts you learned about conditioning in this module?<\/p>\n<p>Curiously, even B.F. Skinner began to see signs of superstitious behavior in pigeons during his experiments. Pigeons, like humans, associate rewards with\u00a0superstitious rituals when they see positive results. When pigeons looked over their left shoulder (operant conditioning), they were hopeful that a reward would come, just as an athlete who wears the same lucky socks comes to associate the special socks with superior performance.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Research into superstition has shown that, even if the behaviors seem silly, they can be effective in improving performance, most likely due to the increased confidence and security people feel when they engage in these rituals.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=1793480&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=573&amp;video_id=7XbH78wscGw&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vifxljmx-7XbH78wscGw\" width=\"800px\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SuperstitiousBehaviorPidginReward.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Superstitious Behavior &#8211; Pidgin Reward&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Hopefully, you can continue to see and find examples of all types of conditioning in your life. From classically conditioned food aversions, operantly conditioned rewards, or surprising latent learning, there are applications of learning all around you.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"DeLessio, Joe (2015, June 15). Why Superstitions Help Athletes Perform Better. Retrieved from http:\/\/nymag.com\/scienceofus\/2015\/06\/why-superstitions-help-athletes-perform-better.html\" id=\"return-footnote-531-1\" href=\"#footnote-531-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Review operant conditioning and the differences between reinforcement and punishment in the following interactive:<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291014309024075518\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-531-1\">DeLessio, Joe (2015, June 15). Why Superstitions Help Athletes Perform Better. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/nymag.com\/scienceofus\/2015\/06\/why-superstitions-help-athletes-perform-better.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/nymag.com\/scienceofus\/2015\/06\/why-superstitions-help-athletes-perform-better.html<\/a> <a href=\"#return-footnote-531-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":18,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Superstitious Behavior\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"ThePantheion\\'s Channel\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7XbH78wscGw&feature=youtu.be\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Putting It Together: Learning\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":512,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":null,"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7284,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/revisions\/7284"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/512"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/531\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=531"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=531"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=531"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=531"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}