The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\r\n
Download a PDF of this page here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n Download the Spanish version here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n acquisition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response<\/p>\r\n associative learning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)<\/p>\r\n classical conditioning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior<\/p>\r\n cognitive map<\/strong><\/p>\r\n mental picture of the layout of the environment<\/p>\r\n conditioned response (CR)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n response caused by the conditioned stimulus<\/p>\r\n conditioned stimulus (CS)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus<\/p>\r\n continuous reinforcement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n rewarding a behavior every time it occurs<\/p>\r\n extinction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus<\/p>\r\n fixed interval reinforcement schedule<\/strong><\/p>\r\n behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time<\/p>\r\n fixed ratio reinforcement schedule<\/strong><\/p>\r\n set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded<\/p>\r\n habituation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change<\/p>\r\n higher-order conditioning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n (also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus<\/p>\r\n instinct<\/strong><\/p>\r\n unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans<\/p>\r\n latent learning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it<\/p>\r\n law of effect<\/strong><\/p>\r\n behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged<\/p>\r\n learning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience<\/p>\r\n model<\/strong><\/p>\r\n person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)<\/p>\r\n negative reinforcement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior<\/p>\r\n neutral stimulus (NS)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n stimulus that does not initially elicit a response<\/p>\r\n observational learning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n type of learning that occurs by watching others<\/p>\r\n operant conditioning<\/strong><\/p>\r\n form of learning in which the stimulus\/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated<\/p>\r\n positive reinforcement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior<\/p>\r\n punishment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior<\/p>\r\n reflex<\/strong><\/p>\r\n unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment<\/p>\r\n reinforcement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior<\/p>\r\n secondary reinforcer<\/strong><\/p>\r\n has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)<\/p>\r\n shaping<\/strong><\/p>\r\n rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior<\/p>\r\n spontaneous recovery<\/strong><\/p>\r\n return of a previously extinguished conditioned response<\/p>\r\n stimulus discrimination<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to respond differently to similar stimuli<\/p>\r\n stimulus generalization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus<\/p>\r\n unconditioned response (UCR)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n natural (unlearned) response caused by the unconditioned stimulus<\/p>\r\n unconditioned stimulus (UCS)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n stimulus that elicits a reflexive response<\/p>\r\n variable interval reinforcement schedule<\/strong><\/p>\r\n behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed<\/p>\r\n variable ratio reinforcement schedule<\/strong><\/p>\r\n number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded<\/p>\r\n vicarious punishment<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/p>\r\n vicarious reinforcement<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model\u2019s behavior<\/p>\r\n <\/p>","rendered":" The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\nEssential Concepts<\/h2>\r\n
Learning and Classical Conditioning<\/h3>\r\n
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Processes in Classical Conditioning<\/h3>\r\n
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Operant Conditioning<\/h3>\r\n
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Reinforcement<\/h3>\r\n
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Other Types of Learning<\/h3>\r\n
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Glossary<\/h2>\r\n