{"id":465,"date":"2023-03-02T20:17:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/6-3-6-learn-it-common-learning-disabilities\/"},"modified":"2023-07-13T14:46:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-13T14:46:07","slug":"6-3-6-learn-it-common-learning-disabilities","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/6-3-6-learn-it-common-learning-disabilities\/","title":{"raw":"The Source of Intelligence: Learn It 2\u2014Common Learning Disabilities","rendered":"The Source of Intelligence: Learn It 2\u2014Common Learning Disabilities"},"content":{"raw":"

What are Learning Disabilities?<\/h2>\r\n
\r\n

learning disabilities<\/h3>\r\nLearning disabilities<\/strong> are cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading. It should be pointed out that learning disabilities are not the same thing as intellectual development disorders (intellectual disabilities). Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities. A person with a language disability has difficulty understanding or using spoken language, whereas someone with a reading disability, such as dyslexia, has difficulty processing what they are reading.\r\n\r\n<\/section>Often, learning disabilities are not recognized until a child reaches school age. One confounding aspect of learning disabilities is that they most often affect children with average to above-average intelligence. In other words, the disability is specific to a particular area and not a measure of overall intellectual ability. At the same time, learning disabilities tend to exhibit comorbidity with other disorders, like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Anywhere between 30\u201370% of individuals with diagnosed cases of ADHD also have some sort of learning disability (Riccio, Gonzales, & Hynd, 1994). Let\u2019s take a look at three examples of common learning disabilities: dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia.\r\n\r\n
\r\n

dysgraphia<\/h3>\r\nChildren with dysgraphia<\/strong> have a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly. The physical task of writing with a pen and paper is extremely challenging for the person. These children often have extreme difficulty putting their thoughts down on paper (Smits-Engelsman & Van Galen, 1997). This difficulty is inconsistent with a person\u2019s IQ. That is, based on the child\u2019s IQ and\/or abilities in other areas, a child with dysgraphia should be able to write, but can\u2019t. Children with dysgraphia may also have problems with spatial abilities.\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n

Students with dysgraphia generally need academic accommodations to help them succeed in school. These accommodations can provide students with alternative assessment opportunities to demonstrate what they know (Barton, 2003). For example, a student with dysgraphia might be permitted to take an oral exam rather than a traditional paper-and-pencil test. Treatment is usually provided by an occupational therapist, although there is some question as to how effective such treatment is (Zwicker, 2005).<\/p>\r\n\r\n

\r\n

dyslexia<\/h3>\r\nDyslexia is the most common learning disability in children. An individual with dyslexia<\/strong> exhibits an inability to correctly process letters. The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with dyslexia. As a result, dyslexic children may not understand sound-letter correspondence.\r\n\r\nA child with dyslexia may mix up letters within words and sentences\u2014letter reversals, such as those shown in Figure 2, are a hallmark of this learning disability\u2014or skip whole words while reading. A dyslexic child may have difficulty spelling words correctly while writing. Because of the disordered way that the brain processes letters and sound, learning to read is a frustrating experience. Some dyslexic individuals cope by memorizing the shapes of most words, but they never actually learn to read (Berninger, 2008).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"261\"]\"Two Figure 2<\/strong>. These written words show variations of the word \u201cteapot\u201d as written by individuals with dyslexia.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/section>
Dyslexia is a unique learning difference, but it doesn't define a person's potential for success. Many well-known individuals with dyslexia have not only overcome challenges but also achieved great success. Examples include Albert Einstein, who revolutionized physics with his theory of relativity, and three of the \"Sharks\" from the TV show \"Shark Tank\"\u2014Barbara Corcoran, Daymond John, and Kevin O'Leary\u2014who are all accomplished entrepreneurs and investors.\u00a0 Remember, dyslexia doesn't limit what you can achieve \u2013 embrace your strengths, persevere, and pursue your dreams with confidence!<\/section>
\r\n

dyscalculia<\/h3>\r\nDyscalculia<\/strong> is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic. This learning disability is often first evident when children exhibit difficulty discerning how many objects are in a small group without counting them. Other symptoms may include struggling to memorize math facts, organize numbers, or fully differentiate between numerals, math symbols, and written numbers (such as \u201c3\u201d and \u201cthree\u201d).\r\n\r\n<\/section>
[ohm2_question height=\"499\"]4196[\/ohm2_question]<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"

What are Learning Disabilities?<\/h2>\n
\n

learning disabilities<\/h3>\n

Learning disabilities<\/strong> are cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading. It should be pointed out that learning disabilities are not the same thing as intellectual development disorders (intellectual disabilities). Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities. A person with a language disability has difficulty understanding or using spoken language, whereas someone with a reading disability, such as dyslexia, has difficulty processing what they are reading.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

Often, learning disabilities are not recognized until a child reaches school age. One confounding aspect of learning disabilities is that they most often affect children with average to above-average intelligence. In other words, the disability is specific to a particular area and not a measure of overall intellectual ability. At the same time, learning disabilities tend to exhibit comorbidity with other disorders, like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Anywhere between 30\u201370% of individuals with diagnosed cases of ADHD also have some sort of learning disability (Riccio, Gonzales, & Hynd, 1994). Let\u2019s take a look at three examples of common learning disabilities: dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia.<\/p>\n

\n

dysgraphia<\/h3>\n

Children with dysgraphia<\/strong> have a learning disability that results in a struggle to write legibly. The physical task of writing with a pen and paper is extremely challenging for the person. These children often have extreme difficulty putting their thoughts down on paper (Smits-Engelsman & Van Galen, 1997). This difficulty is inconsistent with a person\u2019s IQ. That is, based on the child\u2019s IQ and\/or abilities in other areas, a child with dysgraphia should be able to write, but can\u2019t. Children with dysgraphia may also have problems with spatial abilities.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

Students with dysgraphia generally need academic accommodations to help them succeed in school. These accommodations can provide students with alternative assessment opportunities to demonstrate what they know (Barton, 2003). For example, a student with dysgraphia might be permitted to take an oral exam rather than a traditional paper-and-pencil test. Treatment is usually provided by an occupational therapist, although there is some question as to how effective such treatment is (Zwicker, 2005).<\/p>\n

\n

dyslexia<\/h3>\n

Dyslexia is the most common learning disability in children. An individual with dyslexia<\/strong> exhibits an inability to correctly process letters. The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with dyslexia. As a result, dyslexic children may not understand sound-letter correspondence.<\/p>\n

A child with dyslexia may mix up letters within words and sentences\u2014letter reversals, such as those shown in Figure 2, are a hallmark of this learning disability\u2014or skip whole words while reading. A dyslexic child may have difficulty spelling words correctly while writing. Because of the disordered way that the brain processes letters and sound, learning to read is a frustrating experience. Some dyslexic individuals cope by memorizing the shapes of most words, but they never actually learn to read (Berninger, 2008).<\/p>\n

\"Two
Figure 2<\/strong>. These written words show variations of the word \u201cteapot\u201d as written by individuals with dyslexia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/section>\n
Dyslexia is a unique learning difference, but it doesn’t define a person’s potential for success. Many well-known individuals with dyslexia have not only overcome challenges but also achieved great success. Examples include Albert Einstein, who revolutionized physics with his theory of relativity, and three of the “Sharks” from the TV show “Shark Tank”\u2014Barbara Corcoran, Daymond John, and Kevin O’Leary\u2014who are all accomplished entrepreneurs and investors.\u00a0 Remember, dyslexia doesn’t limit what you can achieve \u2013 embrace your strengths, persevere, and pursue your dreams with confidence!<\/section>\n
\n
\n

dyscalculia<\/h3>\n

Dyscalculia<\/strong> is difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic. This learning disability is often first evident when children exhibit difficulty discerning how many objects are in a small group without counting them. Other symptoms may include struggling to memorize math facts, organize numbers, or fully differentiate between numerals, math symbols, and written numbers (such as \u201c3\u201d and \u201cthree\u201d).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n