{"id":455,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:59","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/6-2-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2024-02-09T16:35:27","modified_gmt":"2024-02-09T16:35:27","slug":"6-2-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/6-2-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"Pitfalls to Problem Solving: Apply It","rendered":"Pitfalls to Problem Solving: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain common roadblocks to problem-solving<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain choice blindness<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2><img class=\"alignright wp-image-3870 \" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"562\" height=\"149\" \/>But is it Real? The Value of Replication<\/h2>\r\n<p>The research you read about choice blindness conducted by Petter Johannson and Lars Hall had a surprising result: more than 75% of the time, people make a choice and then, without indicating that anything is amiss, they proceed to justify a choice they did not make. But how solid is this study and how much can we believe these results? Maybe the choice blindness experiment reported real results, but (even assuming that the experimenters were completely honest and careful) could this have just been a weird outcome that will never happen again? In other words, is this a reliable result or just a fluke?<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">There is only one way to determine if a phenomenon is reliable, and that is through <strong>replication<\/strong>. If you can\u2019t replicate an effect, then you shouldn\u2019t waste people\u2019s time reading about it in a scientific paper.There are at least three different types of replication.\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Direct Replication<\/strong>: Conduct exactly the same study again, usually with new participants from the same population as the original study. A successful replication would produce results similar to those in the original study.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Systematic Replication<\/strong>: Conduct a study that is similar to the original one, but using slightly different methods or stimuli.<\/li>\r\n\t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Conceptual Replication<\/strong>: Conduct a very different study that still tests the original idea. In the current context, a conceptual replication would test the choice blindness idea using a method that did not involve choosing attractive people.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>So, can you believe the choice blindness phenomenon? Let's look at a few replications.<\/p>\r\n<h2>Case #1<\/h2>\r\n<p>In the years just before they published their 2005 study, the experimenters conducted two similar studies. For these studies, the pictures were presented on a computer screen, and the computer switched the pictures during the critical trials. The results were very similar to the results of the study where participants chose the attractive person.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]4170[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h2>Case #2<\/h2>\r\n<p>When the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) made the <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wRqyw-EwgTk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video you watched<\/a>, they reconstructed the experiment in a form very similar to the original. They reported that 80% of the participants did not notice any switching of pictures\u2014a result very similar to the original. Unfortunately, without a published report of the study, it is impossible to know if the scientific standards of the original study had been maintained.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]11091[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h2>Case #3<\/h2>\r\n<p>In 2014, researchers at the National University of Singapore reported a study similar to the experiment shown in the video. The stimuli were presented using a computer rather than a live experimenter. In addition to choosing one of the two faces, the participants rated their confidence in their choice and they typed their explanation of their preference. The faces were all of White women (as in the original study), but the participants were all of Asian descent (ethnic backgrounds: Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese). Their results were similar to those of the original study.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]11092[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<h2>Case #4<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Here is video showing another study by Johannson and Hall. The video has no sound\u2014only subtitles.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nBefore an election, researchers polled people about their political preferences, selecting either right-wing or left-wing policies. The researchers secretly copied down the opposite of their responses and had the participants explain their answers. Fascinatingly, many people defended the views they said to have disagreed with.<br \/>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_htNx0eWmgs\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/UsingChoiceBlindnessToShiftPoliticalAttitudes.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Using Choice Blindness to Shift Political Attitudes and Voter Intentions\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"400\"]11093[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Explain common roadblocks to problem-solving<\/li>\n<li>Explain choice blindness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3870\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"562\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png 1110w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-1024x271.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-768x203.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-65x17.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-225x60.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-350x93.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 562px) 100vw, 562px\" \/>But is it Real? The Value of Replication<\/h2>\n<p>The research you read about choice blindness conducted by Petter Johannson and Lars Hall had a surprising result: more than 75% of the time, people make a choice and then, without indicating that anything is amiss, they proceed to justify a choice they did not make. But how solid is this study and how much can we believe these results? Maybe the choice blindness experiment reported real results, but (even assuming that the experimenters were completely honest and careful) could this have just been a weird outcome that will never happen again? In other words, is this a reliable result or just a fluke?<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">There is only one way to determine if a phenomenon is reliable, and that is through <strong>replication<\/strong>. If you can\u2019t replicate an effect, then you shouldn\u2019t waste people\u2019s time reading about it in a scientific paper.There are at least three different types of replication.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Direct Replication<\/strong>: Conduct exactly the same study again, usually with new participants from the same population as the original study. A successful replication would produce results similar to those in the original study.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Systematic Replication<\/strong>: Conduct a study that is similar to the original one, but using slightly different methods or stimuli.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Conceptual Replication<\/strong>: Conduct a very different study that still tests the original idea. In the current context, a conceptual replication would test the choice blindness idea using a method that did not involve choosing attractive people.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<p>So, can you believe the choice blindness phenomenon? Let&#8217;s look at a few replications.<\/p>\n<h2>Case #1<\/h2>\n<p>In the years just before they published their 2005 study, the experimenters conducted two similar studies. For these studies, the pictures were presented on a computer screen, and the computer switched the pictures during the critical trials. The results were very similar to the results of the study where participants chose the attractive person.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4170\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4170&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4170&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h2>Case #2<\/h2>\n<p>When the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) made the <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/wRqyw-EwgTk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video you watched<\/a>, they reconstructed the experiment in a form very similar to the original. They reported that 80% of the participants did not notice any switching of pictures\u2014a result very similar to the original. Unfortunately, without a published report of the study, it is impossible to know if the scientific standards of the original study had been maintained.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11091\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11091&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11091&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h2>Case #3<\/h2>\n<p>In 2014, researchers at the National University of Singapore reported a study similar to the experiment shown in the video. The stimuli were presented using a computer rather than a live experimenter. In addition to choosing one of the two faces, the participants rated their confidence in their choice and they typed their explanation of their preference. The faces were all of White women (as in the original study), but the participants were all of Asian descent (ethnic backgrounds: Chinese, Indian, and Vietnamese). Their results were similar to those of the original study.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11092\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11092&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11092&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<h2>Case #4<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\">Here is video showing another study by Johannson and Hall. The video has no sound\u2014only subtitles.<\/p>\n<p>Before an election, researchers polled people about their political preferences, selecting either right-wing or left-wing policies. The researchers secretly copied down the opposite of their responses and had the participants explain their answers. Fascinatingly, many people defended the views they said to have disagreed with.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_htNx0eWmgs\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/UsingChoiceBlindnessToShiftPoliticalAttitudes.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Using Choice Blindness to Shift Political Attitudes and Voter Intentions&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11093\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11093&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11093&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Psychology in Real Life: Choice Blindness\",\"author\":\"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Using Choice Blindness to Shift Political Attitudes and Voter Intentions\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"ChoiceBlindnessLab\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_htNx0eWmgs\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":441,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Psychology in Real Life: Choice Blindness","author":"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning","organization":"","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"copyrighted_video","description":"Using Choice Blindness to Shift Political Attitudes and Voter Intentions","author":"","organization":"ChoiceBlindnessLab","url":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_htNx0eWmgs","project":"","license":"other","license_terms":"Standard YouTube License"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/455"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6596,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/455\/revisions\/6596"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/441"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/455\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=455"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=455"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}