The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\r\n
Download a PDF of this page here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n Download the Spanish version here.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\r\n <\/p>\r\n algorithm<\/strong><\/p>\r\n problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions<\/p>\r\n analytical intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n aligned with academic problem solving and computations<\/p>\r\n anchoring bias<\/strong><\/p>\r\n faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution<\/p>\r\n artificial concept<\/strong><\/p>\r\n concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics<\/p>\r\n audience design<\/strong><\/p>\r\n constructing utterances to suit the audience\u2019s knowledge<\/p>\r\n availability heuristic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you<\/p>\r\n choice blindness<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice<\/p>\r\n cognition<\/strong><\/p>\r\n thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory<\/p>\r\n cognitive psychology<\/strong><\/p>\r\n field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think<\/p>\r\n common ground<\/strong><\/p>\r\n information that is shared by people who engage in a conversation<\/p>\r\n concept<\/strong><\/p>\r\n category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences<\/p>\r\n confirmation bias<\/strong><\/p>\r\n faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs<\/p>\r\n convergent thinking<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the opposite of divergent thinking, the capacity to narrow in on the single \u201ccorrect\u201d answer or solution to a given question or problem (e.g., giving the right response on an intelligence tests)<\/p>\r\n creative intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem<\/p>\r\n creativity<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities<\/p>\r\n crystallized intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it<\/p>\r\n cultural intelligence <\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture<\/p>\r\n divergent thinking<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the opposite of convergent thinking, the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (e.g., coming up with many different uses for a common object)<\/p>\r\n dyscalculia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic<\/p>\r\n dysgraphia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly<\/p>\r\n dyslexia<\/strong><\/p>\r\n common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain<\/p>\r\n emotional intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n event schema<\/strong><\/p>\r\n set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script<\/p>\r\n fluid intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n ability to see complex relationships and solve problems<\/p>\r\n Flynn effect<\/strong><\/p>\r\n observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation<\/p>\r\n functional fixedness<\/strong><\/p>\r\n inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended<\/p>\r\n grammar<\/strong><\/p>\r\n set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon<\/p>\r\n heuristic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem<\/p>\r\n hindsight bias<\/strong><\/p>\r\n belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn\u2019t<\/p>\r\n ingroup<\/strong><\/p>\r\n group to which a person belongs<\/p>\r\n intelligence quotient (IQ)<\/strong><\/p>\r\n score on a test designed to measure intelligence<\/p>\r\n language<\/strong><\/p>\r\n communication system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another<\/p>\r\n learning disabilities<\/strong><\/p>\r\n cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition, particularly language or reading<\/p>\r\n lexicon<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the words of a given language<\/p>\r\n linguistic intergroup bias<\/strong><\/p>\r\n a tendency for people to characterize positive things about their ingroup using more abstract expressions, but negative things about their outgroups using more abstract expressions<\/p>\r\n mental set<\/strong><\/p>\r\n continually using an old solution to a problem without results<\/p>\r\n morpheme<\/strong><\/p>\r\n smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning<\/p>\r\n Multiple Intelligences Theory<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Gardner\u2019s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence<\/p>\r\n natural concept<\/strong><\/p>\r\n mental groupings that are created \u201cnaturally\u201d through your experiences<\/p>\r\n norming<\/strong><\/p>\r\n administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups<\/p>\r\n outgroup<\/strong><\/p>\r\n group to which a person does not belong<\/p>\r\n overgeneralization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule<\/p>\r\n phoneme<\/strong><\/p>\r\n basic sound unit of a given language<\/p>\r\n practical intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n aka \u201cstreet smarts\u201d<\/p>\r\n priming<\/strong><\/p>\r\n when thinking about one concept reminds you about other related concepts<\/p>\r\n problem-solving strategy<\/strong><\/p>\r\n method for solving problems<\/p>\r\n prototype<\/strong><\/p>\r\n best representation of a concept<\/p>\r\n range of reaction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n each person\u2019s response to the environment is unique based on their genetic make-up<\/p>\r\n representative sample<\/strong><\/p>\r\n subset of the population that accurately represents the general population<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n representative bias<\/strong><\/p>\r\n faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment<\/p>\r\n role schema<\/strong><\/p>\r\n set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role<\/p>\r\n Sapir-Whorf hypothesis<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts<\/p>\r\n schema <\/strong>(plural = schemata)<\/p>\r\n mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts<\/p>\r\n semantics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words<\/p>\r\n situation models<\/strong><\/p>\r\n representations of the topic of a conversation<\/p>\r\n social brain hypothesis<\/strong><\/p>\r\n the hypothesis that the human brain has evolved so that humans can maintain larger ingroups<\/p>\r\n social networks<\/strong><\/p>\r\n networks of social relationships among individuals through which information can travel<\/p>\r\n standard deviation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean<\/p>\r\n standardization<\/strong><\/p>\r\n method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent<\/p>\r\n syntax<\/strong><\/p>\r\n rules by which words are strung together to form sentences<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n theory of cognitive abilities<\/strong><\/p>\r\n abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the top, broad abilities in the middle, and narrow (specific) abilities at the bottom\u2014narrow abilities are the only ones that can be directly measured; however, they are integrated within the other abilities<\/p>\r\n trial and error<\/strong><\/p>\r\n problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found<\/p>\r\n triarchic theory of intelligence<\/strong><\/p>\r\n Sternberg\u2019s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n working backwards<\/strong><\/p>\r\n heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n The links below are designed for print; more screen reader friendly documents can be found on the Students: Additional Lumen Resources page.<\/p>\nEssential Concepts<\/h2>\r\n
Thinking and Problem Solving<\/h3>\r\n
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Pitfalls to Problem-Solving<\/h3>\r\n
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Intelligence and Creativity<\/h3>\r\n
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The Source of Intelligence<\/h3>\r\n
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Language<\/h3>\r\n
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Glossary<\/h2>\r\n