{"id":423,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:44","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/5-3-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2025-11-12T19:07:49","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T19:07:49","slug":"5-3-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/5-3-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"The Auditory System: Apply It","rendered":"The Auditory System: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe the anatomy of the auditory system<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand how sound waves shape our hearing<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain how we perceive pitch and localize sound<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe types of hearing loss<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 26px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal; background-color: #f4f3ef;\">Can you hear a mosquito?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3563\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"301\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3563\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito.jpg\" alt=\"The mosquito sound device shown as a box on the side of a building\" width=\"301\" height=\"254\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The Mosquito sound device. Do you think this is a fair way to deter loitering?[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>(And no, we\u2019re not talking about the bug\u2026) Some hearing loss is progressive as we age.<\/p>\r\n<p>As an example, as we age, children and teenagers are generally capable of hearing some high-frequency sounds that adults are generally not able to hear (Jayakody et al., 2018). With this in mind, Howard Stapleton created a device that became known as \u201cThe Mosquito\u201d, which emits a high-frequency buzzing sound (17.4 kHz) that most children and teenagers can hear, but adults cannot. You might be wondering <em>why<\/em> he would create such a device.<\/p>\r\n<p>Stapleton claimed The Mosquito could be an effective anti-loitering device, discouraging teenagers from congregating wherever The Mosquito was placed. For several years, The Mosquito was used in Europe and Australia before it was banned in many countries, with officials claiming its use may not be safe or ethical.[footnote]Assembly debate on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting) (see Doc. 12186, report of the Committee on Culture, Science and Education, rapporteur: Mr Wach; and Doc. 12261, opinion of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, rapporteur: Mr Volont\u00e8). Text adopted by the Assembly on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting).[\/footnote][footnote]Jayakody, D. M. P., Friedland, P. L., Martins, R. N., Sohrabi, H. R. (2018). Impact of aging on the auditory system and related cognitive functions: A narrative review. <em>Frontiers in Neuroscience<\/em>, 12(), 125. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2018.00125[\/footnote]<del><\/del><\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">What are some safety and\/or ethical concerns surrounding use of The Mosquito?[reveal-answer q=\"478315\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"478315\"]Consider how this device would impact individuals with sensory sensitivity, or consider how the device's proximity to housing and schools might impact life at school and at home. Might the sound be damaging for some listeners?[\/hidden-answer]What are some potential negative social implications regarding the use of The Mosquito?[reveal-answer q=\"140601\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"140601\"]This seems to contribute to a hostile environment toward young people and disrupts everyone who is able to hear it.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Do you think you'd be able to hear the mosquito? You can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/bring-science-home-high-frequency-hearing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience a high-frequency hearing test here.<\/a><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto\">\r\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\r\n<p><img class=\"alignright wp-image-4308 \" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme D: Psychology values diversity, promotes equity, and fosters inclusion in pursuit of a more just society.\" width=\"493\" height=\"125\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2>Hostile Architecture<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Mosquito is one example of how communities and groups have sought to use design to exclude certain groups of people. This practice is commonly done in the design world through something known as hostile architecture. Have you ever seen a park bench with barriers between the seats (so people can't lay down), or railings with spikes (so people won't rest there)? Hostile architecture involves designing public spaces intentionally to guide or limit human behavior, including deterring unhoused individuals or preventing certain behaviors deemed undesirable. These tactics extend beyond sound-based deterrents like \"The Mosquito\" to physical installations such as strategically placed spikes, sloped benches, or randomly timed sprinklers.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vTxlnYcsMPPBe2bsJhFovEhzm9PUHfdpGwVmxbYAXsRPjAc7k81NN5DAVo-9E7dYA\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=10000\" width=\"1800\" height=\"680\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe>\u00a0<\/section>\r\n<p>From a psychological perspective, these deterrents and restrictions not only have an immediate effect on behavior, but they can also have profound psychological implications. They can lead to feelings of exclusion, stigmatization, and heightened stress among those targeted, potentially exacerbating mental health issues.[footnote]Bennett, K. (2020, December 28). Is Your Town Filled with Hostile Architecture? <em>Psychology Today<\/em>. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/modern-minds\/202012\/is-your-town-filled-hostile-architecture[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<h2>Inclusive Design<\/h2>\r\n<p>In contrast, the principles of <strong>inclusive design<\/strong> aim to foster environments that are accessible and comfortable for all individuals, regardless of their age, ability, or status. This approach also reflects the underlying psychological principle of belongingness, the human emotional need to be an accepted member of a group.<\/p>\r\n<p>Moreover, inclusive design intentionally incorporates natural elements, acknowledging the well-established psychological benefits of exposure to green spaces. Research demonstrates that even passive exposure to nature can lead to stress reduction, mood enhancement, increased ability to refocus attention, and even pain alleviation.<\/p>\r\n<p>Some psychologists work in the domains of environmental psychology or community psychology. They recognize that our physical surroundings can influence our behavior, emotional state, and overall mental health. For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com\/mission-and-vision.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health<\/a> is an organization with people from various backgrounds, founded by psychiatrist Layla McCay, with the goal of shaping urban spaces in ways that promote mental health and social inclusivity.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\r\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-sjtcl-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\r\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-sjtcl-1n7m0yu\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm dark:bg-gray-800\">\r\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto\">\r\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Can you identify any examples of hostile architecture in your local community? What behaviors do you think these designs are intended to deter?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How might the implementation of hostile architecture affect the mental health of individuals in the community, particularly those who are targeted by these design elements?<br \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"587395\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"587395\"]The implementation of hostile architecture could potentially contribute to feelings of alienation and exclusion among the groups it targets. For example, unhoused individuals who encounter spikes in doorways or benches they can't lie down on are receiving a clear message that they aren't welcome. Over time, this can lead to heightened stress, feelings of hopelessness, and worsening mental health.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How can <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inclusive_design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the principles of inclusive design<\/a> counteract the negative psychological impacts of hostile architecture? Can you think of an example of how inclusive design might be implemented in a public space?<br \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"480391\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"480391\"]Inclusive design seeks to create environments that are usable and welcoming for everyone, which can help to promote feelings of acceptance and community. This can counteract the negative effects of hostile architecture by replacing exclusionary elements with ones that are inviting. For example, replacing a bench designed to prevent lying down with one that is simply comfortable to sit on would be a step in the right direction. Another example would be designing public restrooms to be accessible and comfortable for all users, including those with physical disabilities, gender-diverse individuals, or parents with young children[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Reflecting on \"The Mosquito\" device and examples of hostile architecture, what does this tell you about the role of perception and sensation in our interactions with the environment?<br \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"469190\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"469190\"]These examples highlight how our perceptions and sensory experiences can be dramatically shaped by the design of our environment. The Mosquito device, for example, leverages the natural decrease in high-frequency hearing ability as we age to create an environment that is uncomfortable for young people but unnoticed by adults. Similarly, hostile architecture uses physical discomfort to deter certain behaviors or individuals. These designs show how sensory perceptions, such as sound and touch, can be manipulated to control behavior and shape social interactions in public spaces.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div>\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the anatomy of the auditory system<\/li>\n<li>Understand how sound waves shape our hearing<\/li>\n<li>Explain how we perceive pitch and localize sound<\/li>\n<li>Describe types of hearing loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong style=\"font-size: 26px; text-align: center; word-spacing: normal; background-color: #f4f3ef;\">Can you hear a mosquito?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3563\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3563\" style=\"width: 301px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3563\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito.jpg\" alt=\"The mosquito sound device shown as a box on the side of a building\" width=\"301\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito-300x253.jpg 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito-768x648.jpg 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito-65x55.jpg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito-225x190.jpg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/24011359\/Sunmist-mosquito-350x295.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3563\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The Mosquito sound device. Do you think this is a fair way to deter loitering?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>(And no, we\u2019re not talking about the bug\u2026) Some hearing loss is progressive as we age.<\/p>\n<p>As an example, as we age, children and teenagers are generally capable of hearing some high-frequency sounds that adults are generally not able to hear (Jayakody et al., 2018). With this in mind, Howard Stapleton created a device that became known as \u201cThe Mosquito\u201d, which emits a high-frequency buzzing sound (17.4 kHz) that most children and teenagers can hear, but adults cannot. You might be wondering <em>why<\/em> he would create such a device.<\/p>\n<p>Stapleton claimed The Mosquito could be an effective anti-loitering device, discouraging teenagers from congregating wherever The Mosquito was placed. For several years, The Mosquito was used in Europe and Australia before it was banned in many countries, with officials claiming its use may not be safe or ethical.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Assembly debate on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting) (see Doc. 12186, report of the Committee on Culture, Science and Education, rapporteur: Mr Wach; and Doc. 12261, opinion of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, rapporteur: Mr Volont\u00e8). Text adopted by the Assembly on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting).\" id=\"return-footnote-423-1\" href=\"#footnote-423-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jayakody, D. M. P., Friedland, P. L., Martins, R. N., Sohrabi, H. R. (2018). Impact of aging on the auditory system and related cognitive functions: A narrative review. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12(), 125. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2018.00125\" id=\"return-footnote-423-2\" href=\"#footnote-423-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><del><\/del><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">What are some safety and\/or ethical concerns surrounding use of The Mosquito?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q478315\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q478315\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Consider how this device would impact individuals with sensory sensitivity, or consider how the device&#8217;s proximity to housing and schools might impact life at school and at home. Might the sound be damaging for some listeners?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>What are some potential negative social implications regarding the use of The Mosquito?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q140601\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q140601\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">This seems to contribute to a hostile environment toward young people and disrupts everyone who is able to hear it.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Do you think you&#8217;d be able to hear the mosquito? You can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/bring-science-home-high-frequency-hearing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience a high-frequency hearing test here.<\/a><\/section>\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-4308\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme D: Psychology values diversity, promotes equity, and fosters inclusion in pursuit of a more just society.\" width=\"493\" height=\"125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM.png 1298w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-300x76.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-1024x260.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-768x195.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-1200x305.png 1200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-65x17.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-225x57.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/12150903\/Screenshot-2023-06-12-at-11.08.37-AM-350x89.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Hostile Architecture<\/h2>\n<p>The Mosquito is one example of how communities and groups have sought to use design to exclude certain groups of people. This practice is commonly done in the design world through something known as hostile architecture. Have you ever seen a park bench with barriers between the seats (so people can&#8217;t lay down), or railings with spikes (so people won&#8217;t rest there)? Hostile architecture involves designing public spaces intentionally to guide or limit human behavior, including deterring unhoused individuals or preventing certain behaviors deemed undesirable. These tactics extend beyond sound-based deterrents like &#8220;The Mosquito&#8221; to physical installations such as strategically placed spikes, sloped benches, or randomly timed sprinklers.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vTxlnYcsMPPBe2bsJhFovEhzm9PUHfdpGwVmxbYAXsRPjAc7k81NN5DAVo-9E7dYA\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=10000\" width=\"1800\" height=\"680\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe>\u00a0<\/section>\n<p>From a psychological perspective, these deterrents and restrictions not only have an immediate effect on behavior, but they can also have profound psychological implications. They can lead to feelings of exclusion, stigmatization, and heightened stress among those targeted, potentially exacerbating mental health issues.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Bennett, K. (2020, December 28). Is Your Town Filled with Hostile Architecture? Psychology Today. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/modern-minds\/202012\/is-your-town-filled-hostile-architecture\" id=\"return-footnote-423-3\" href=\"#footnote-423-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Inclusive Design<\/h2>\n<p>In contrast, the principles of <strong>inclusive design<\/strong> aim to foster environments that are accessible and comfortable for all individuals, regardless of their age, ability, or status. This approach also reflects the underlying psychological principle of belongingness, the human emotional need to be an accepted member of a group.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, inclusive design intentionally incorporates natural elements, acknowledging the well-established psychological benefits of exposure to green spaces. Research demonstrates that even passive exposure to nature can lead to stress reduction, mood enhancement, increased ability to refocus attention, and even pain alleviation.<\/p>\n<p>Some psychologists work in the domains of environmental psychology or community psychology. They recognize that our physical surroundings can influence our behavior, emotional state, and overall mental health. For example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com\/mission-and-vision.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health<\/a> is an organization with people from various backgrounds, founded by psychiatrist Layla McCay, with the goal of shaping urban spaces in ways that promote mental health and social inclusivity.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-sjtcl-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-sjtcl-1n7m0yu\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"group w-full text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"flex p-4 gap-4 text-base md:gap-6 md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-[38rem] xl:max-w-3xl md:py-6 lg:px-0 m-auto\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3 lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex items-start overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words flex-col gap-4\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<ol>\n<li>Can you identify any examples of hostile architecture in your local community? What behaviors do you think these designs are intended to deter?<\/li>\n<li>How might the implementation of hostile architecture affect the mental health of individuals in the community, particularly those who are targeted by these design elements?\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q587395\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q587395\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The implementation of hostile architecture could potentially contribute to feelings of alienation and exclusion among the groups it targets. For example, unhoused individuals who encounter spikes in doorways or benches they can&#8217;t lie down on are receiving a clear message that they aren&#8217;t welcome. Over time, this can lead to heightened stress, feelings of hopelessness, and worsening mental health.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>How can <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inclusive_design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the principles of inclusive design<\/a> counteract the negative psychological impacts of hostile architecture? Can you think of an example of how inclusive design might be implemented in a public space?\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q480391\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q480391\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Inclusive design seeks to create environments that are usable and welcoming for everyone, which can help to promote feelings of acceptance and community. This can counteract the negative effects of hostile architecture by replacing exclusionary elements with ones that are inviting. For example, replacing a bench designed to prevent lying down with one that is simply comfortable to sit on would be a step in the right direction. Another example would be designing public restrooms to be accessible and comfortable for all users, including those with physical disabilities, gender-diverse individuals, or parents with young children<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Reflecting on &#8220;The Mosquito&#8221; device and examples of hostile architecture, what does this tell you about the role of perception and sensation in our interactions with the environment?\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q469190\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q469190\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">These examples highlight how our perceptions and sensory experiences can be dramatically shaped by the design of our environment. The Mosquito device, for example, leverages the natural decrease in high-frequency hearing ability as we age to create an environment that is uncomfortable for young people but unnoticed by adults. Similarly, hostile architecture uses physical discomfort to deter certain behaviors or individuals. These designs show how sensory perceptions, such as sound and touch, can be manipulated to control behavior and shape social interactions in public spaces.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-423-1\">Assembly debate on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting) (see Doc. 12186, report of the Committee on Culture, Science and Education, rapporteur: Mr Wach; and Doc. 12261, opinion of the Social, Health and Family Affairs Committee, rapporteur: Mr Volont\u00e8). Text adopted by the Assembly on 25 June 2010 (27th Sitting). <a href=\"#return-footnote-423-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-423-2\">Jayakody, D. M. P., Friedland, P. L., Martins, R. N., Sohrabi, H. R. (2018). Impact of aging on the auditory system and related cognitive functions: A narrative review. <em>Frontiers in Neuroscience<\/em>, 12(), 125. doi:10.3389\/fnins.2018.00125 <a href=\"#return-footnote-423-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-423-3\">Bennett, K. (2020, December 28). Is Your Town Filled with Hostile Architecture? <em>Psychology Today<\/em>. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/modern-minds\/202012\/is-your-town-filled-hostile-architecture <a href=\"#return-footnote-423-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":21,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Auditory System: Apply It\",\"author\":\"Stephanie Byer for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Hostile architecture\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hostile_architecture\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Adapted from material created using ChatGPT\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"OpenAI\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Mosquito\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Mosquito#\/media\/File:Mosquito_Noise_Device.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":402,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"original","description":"The Auditory System: Apply It","author":"Stephanie Byer for Lumen Learning","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Hostile architecture","author":"","organization":"Wikipedia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hostile_architecture","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"pd","description":"Adapted from material created using ChatGPT","author":"Lumen Learning","organization":"OpenAI","url":"","project":"","license":"pd","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"The Mosquito","author":"","organization":"Wikipedia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Mosquito#\/media\/File:Mosquito_Noise_Device.jpg","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/423"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7168,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/423\/revisions\/7168"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/402"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/423\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=423"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=423"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}