{"id":412,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:39","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/vision\/"},"modified":"2025-11-12T16:27:32","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T16:27:32","slug":"vision","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/vision\/","title":{"raw":"The Visual System: Learn It 1\u2014The Anatomy of the Eye","rendered":"The Visual System: Learn It 1\u2014The Anatomy of the Eye"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe the anatomy of the visual system<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand how light waves are related to vision<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe the main theories about color vision<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand monocular and binocular cues and the perception of depth<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"455\"><strong data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"455\">The Visual System: How We See the World<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"733\">Your visual system constructs a <strong data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"514\">mental representation<\/strong> of your surroundings, allowing you to navigate physical space, recognize objects, and interact with others.<br data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"625\" \/>\r\nVision depends on a series of precise biological processes\u2014starting with the eyes and ending with the brain.<\/p>\r\n<h3>Anatomy of the Visual System<\/h3>\r\n<p>The eye is the major sensory organ involved in\u00a0<strong>vision<\/strong>. There are several parts of the eye from the front to the back side, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, and optic nerve. The cornea, pupil, iris, and lens are situated toward the front of the eye. At the back are the retina, fovea, and optic nerve.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Click through the following slideshow to learn the anatomy of the eye, and practice what you've learned. <iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291637308837611378\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of the Visual System v2\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section>\r\n<p>Now let us dive into each of the parts in detail.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>Anatomy of the eye<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>cornea<\/strong> is the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye. Light waves are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The\u00a0<strong>pupil<\/strong> is the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the pupil can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional and physiological arousal. When light levels are low, the pupil will become dilated, or expanded, to allow more light to enter the eye. When light levels are high, the pupil will constrict, or become smaller, to reduce the amount of light that enters the eye.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>iris<\/strong> is the colored portion of the eye. It is connected to the muscles that control the pupil\u2019s size.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>lens<\/strong> is a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus for light entering the eye. Light crosses the lens after passing through the pupil. The lens is attached to muscles that can change its shape to aid in focusing light that is reflected from near or far objects.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>retina<\/strong> is the light-sensitive lining of the eye, located at the back of the eye.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The <strong>fovea<\/strong>, which is part of the retina, is a small indentation in the back of the eye. In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on fovea. The fovea contains densely packed specialized <strong>photoreceptor<\/strong> cells, known as <strong>cones<\/strong>, which are light-detecting cells. Another type of photoreceptor is <strong>rods<\/strong>. See Figure 2.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Cones<\/strong> are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions. Cones are very sensitive to acute detail and provide tremendous spatial resolution. They also are directly involved in our ability to perceive color.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Rods<\/strong> are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments as well as in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Note that while cones are concentrated in the fovea, where images tend to be focused, rods, another type of photoreceptor, are located throughout the remainder of the retina.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6756\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"602\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/29194236\/7092854136b856409f1dbe9f76d123492b979928.jpeg\"><img class=\" wp-image-6756\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/29194236\/7092854136b856409f1dbe9f76d123492b979928.jpeg\" alt=\"This illustration shows light reaching the optic nerve, beneath which are Ganglion cells, and then rods and cones.\" width=\"602\" height=\"525\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The two types of photoreceptors are shown in this image. Cones are colored green and rods are blue.[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2505\" data-end=\"2559\"><strong data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2559\">From Bright to Dim: The Role of Rods and Cones<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2561\" data-end=\"2971\">You\u2019ve probably noticed this difference between rods and cones when walking from a bright lobby into a dark movie theater. At first, your <strong data-start=\"2701\" data-end=\"2710\">cones<\/strong> (active in bright light) can\u2019t function well, and you can barely see. After a few minutes, your <strong data-start=\"2807\" data-end=\"2815\">rods<\/strong> take over, allowing you to adjust to the dim light.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2561\" data-end=\"2971\">If rods don\u2019t function properly, this transition is difficult\u2014a condition called <strong data-start=\"2951\" data-end=\"2970\">night blindness<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Rods and cones are connected (via several interneurons) to retinal ganglion cells. Axons from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form the optic nerve.<\/p>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"2978\" data-end=\"3020\"><strong data-start=\"2982\" data-end=\"3020\">The Optic Nerve and the Blind Spot<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3258\">Signals from rods and cones travel through layers of interneurons to the retinal ganglion cells, whose axons bundle together to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3260\" data-end=\"3425\">There is a small region where the optic nerve exits the eye that contains no photoreceptors\u2014this is your blind spot.<br data-start=\"3384\" data-end=\"3387\" \/>\r\nWe normally don\u2019t notice it because:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3532\">Each eye sees slightly different parts of the visual field, so one eye covers the other\u2019s blind spot.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3532\">The brain \u201cfills in\u201d the missing information automatically.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>Just below the brain, the optic nerves from each eye meet at the <strong data-start=\"3711\" data-end=\"3727\">optic chiasm<\/strong>, an X-shaped structure (Figure 3). Here, signals from the <strong data-start=\"3788\" data-end=\"3810\">right visual field<\/strong> of both eyes are sent to the <strong data-start=\"3840\" data-end=\"3859\">left hemisphere<\/strong>, and signals from the <strong data-start=\"3882\" data-end=\"3903\">left visual field<\/strong> are sent to the <strong data-start=\"3920\" data-end=\"3940\">right hemisphere<\/strong>. This crossing allows both sides of the brain to work together to build a complete visual picture.<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224723\/CNX_Psych_05_03_OpticChias.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224723\/CNX_Psych_05_03_OpticChias.jpg\" alt=\"Visual stimuli enter the eyes, pass through the optic nerve and into the optic chiasm, then back to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain.\" width=\"487\" height=\"350\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This illustration shows the optic chiasm at the front of the brain and the pathways to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, where visual sensations are processed into meaningful perceptions.[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"4048\" data-end=\"4116\"><strong data-start=\"4052\" data-end=\"4116\">Processing in the Brain: The \u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cWhere\/How\u201d Pathways<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"4118\" data-end=\"4281\">Once visual information reaches the brain, it travels to the <strong data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4197\">occipital lobe<\/strong> at the back of the brain, where sensory input is turned into meaningful perception. The brain processes vision through <strong data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4339\">two main pathways<\/strong> (Milner &amp; Goodale, 2008; Ungerleider &amp; Haxby, 1994):<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"4396\" data-end=\"4498\"><strong data-start=\"4396\" data-end=\"4436\">The \u201cWhat\u201d Pathway (Ventral Stream):<\/strong> Identifies what an object is\u2014its color, shape, and meaning.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"4501\" data-end=\"4613\"><strong data-start=\"4501\" data-end=\"4545\">The \u201cWhere\/How\u201d Pathway (Dorsal Stream):<\/strong> Determines where an object is in space and how to interact with it.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"4615\" data-end=\"4851\">For example, when you see a ball rolling across the street, the <strong data-start=\"4679\" data-end=\"4698\">ventral pathway<\/strong> identifies it as a ball, while the <strong data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4752\">dorsal pathway<\/strong> calculates its movement and location so you can decide whether to catch it or move out of the way.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2153\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"504\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/26200309\/visualpathways.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-2153\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/26200309\/visualpathways.png\" alt=\"Areas of the brain showing the ventral pathway, along the side of the brain closer to the temporal lobes, and the dorsal pathway in the back of the brain. It also shows the visual cortex areas at the back of the brain: V1\/V2, V3, V3A, and V4 (associated with color), and the faces and object recognition areas (next to V4).\" width=\"504\" height=\"254\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Visual areas in the brain.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"625\"]3988[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the anatomy of the visual system<\/li>\n<li>Understand how light waves are related to vision<\/li>\n<li>Describe the main theories about color vision<\/li>\n<li>Understand monocular and binocular cues and the perception of depth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2 data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"455\"><strong data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"455\">The Visual System: How We See the World<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"733\">Your visual system constructs a <strong data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"514\">mental representation<\/strong> of your surroundings, allowing you to navigate physical space, recognize objects, and interact with others.<br data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"625\" \/><br \/>\nVision depends on a series of precise biological processes\u2014starting with the eyes and ending with the brain.<\/p>\n<h3>Anatomy of the Visual System<\/h3>\n<p>The eye is the major sensory organ involved in\u00a0<strong>vision<\/strong>. There are several parts of the eye from the front to the back side, including the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea, and optic nerve. The cornea, pupil, iris, and lens are situated toward the front of the eye. At the back are the retina, fovea, and optic nerve.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Click through the following slideshow to learn the anatomy of the eye, and practice what you&#8217;ve learned. <iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291637308837611378\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of the Visual System v2\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section>\n<p>Now let us dive into each of the parts in detail.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>Anatomy of the eye<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>cornea<\/strong> is the transparent covering over the eye. It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye. Light waves are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>pupil<\/strong> is the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the pupil can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional and physiological arousal. When light levels are low, the pupil will become dilated, or expanded, to allow more light to enter the eye. When light levels are high, the pupil will constrict, or become smaller, to reduce the amount of light that enters the eye.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>iris<\/strong> is the colored portion of the eye. It is connected to the muscles that control the pupil\u2019s size.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>lens<\/strong> is a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus for light entering the eye. Light crosses the lens after passing through the pupil. The lens is attached to muscles that can change its shape to aid in focusing light that is reflected from near or far objects.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>retina<\/strong> is the light-sensitive lining of the eye, located at the back of the eye.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>fovea<\/strong>, which is part of the retina, is a small indentation in the back of the eye. In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on fovea. The fovea contains densely packed specialized <strong>photoreceptor<\/strong> cells, known as <strong>cones<\/strong>, which are light-detecting cells. Another type of photoreceptor is <strong>rods<\/strong>. See Figure 2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cones<\/strong> are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions. Cones are very sensitive to acute detail and provide tremendous spatial resolution. They also are directly involved in our ability to perceive color.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rods<\/strong> are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions, and while they lack the spatial resolution and color function of the cones, they are involved in our vision in dimly lit environments as well as in our perception of movement on the periphery of our visual field.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that while cones are concentrated in the fovea, where images tend to be focused, rods, another type of photoreceptor, are located throughout the remainder of the retina.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6756\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6756\" style=\"width: 602px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/29194236\/7092854136b856409f1dbe9f76d123492b979928.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6756\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2015\/02\/29194236\/7092854136b856409f1dbe9f76d123492b979928.jpeg\" alt=\"This illustration shows light reaching the optic nerve, beneath which are Ganglion cells, and then rods and cones.\" width=\"602\" height=\"525\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6756\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The two types of photoreceptors are shown in this image. Cones are colored green and rods are blue.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3 data-start=\"2505\" data-end=\"2559\"><strong data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2559\">From Bright to Dim: The Role of Rods and Cones<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2561\" data-end=\"2971\">You\u2019ve probably noticed this difference between rods and cones when walking from a bright lobby into a dark movie theater. At first, your <strong data-start=\"2701\" data-end=\"2710\">cones<\/strong> (active in bright light) can\u2019t function well, and you can barely see. After a few minutes, your <strong data-start=\"2807\" data-end=\"2815\">rods<\/strong> take over, allowing you to adjust to the dim light.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2561\" data-end=\"2971\">If rods don\u2019t function properly, this transition is difficult\u2014a condition called <strong data-start=\"2951\" data-end=\"2970\">night blindness<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Rods and cones are connected (via several interneurons) to retinal ganglion cells. Axons from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form the optic nerve.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2978\" data-end=\"3020\"><strong data-start=\"2982\" data-end=\"3020\">The Optic Nerve and the Blind Spot<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3258\">Signals from rods and cones travel through layers of interneurons to the retinal ganglion cells, whose axons bundle together to form the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3260\" data-end=\"3425\">There is a small region where the optic nerve exits the eye that contains no photoreceptors\u2014this is your blind spot.<br data-start=\"3384\" data-end=\"3387\" \/><br \/>\nWe normally don\u2019t notice it because:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3532\">Each eye sees slightly different parts of the visual field, so one eye covers the other\u2019s blind spot.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3532\">The brain \u201cfills in\u201d the missing information automatically.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Just below the brain, the optic nerves from each eye meet at the <strong data-start=\"3711\" data-end=\"3727\">optic chiasm<\/strong>, an X-shaped structure (Figure 3). Here, signals from the <strong data-start=\"3788\" data-end=\"3810\">right visual field<\/strong> of both eyes are sent to the <strong data-start=\"3840\" data-end=\"3859\">left hemisphere<\/strong>, and signals from the <strong data-start=\"3882\" data-end=\"3903\">left visual field<\/strong> are sent to the <strong data-start=\"3920\" data-end=\"3940\">right hemisphere<\/strong>. This crossing allows both sides of the brain to work together to build a complete visual picture.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224723\/CNX_Psych_05_03_OpticChias.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224723\/CNX_Psych_05_03_OpticChias.jpg\" alt=\"Visual stimuli enter the eyes, pass through the optic nerve and into the optic chiasm, then back to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain.\" width=\"487\" height=\"350\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This illustration shows the optic chiasm at the front of the brain and the pathways to the occipital lobe at the back of the brain, where visual sensations are processed into meaningful perceptions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 data-start=\"4048\" data-end=\"4116\"><strong data-start=\"4052\" data-end=\"4116\">Processing in the Brain: The \u201cWhat\u201d and \u201cWhere\/How\u201d Pathways<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4118\" data-end=\"4281\">Once visual information reaches the brain, it travels to the <strong data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4197\">occipital lobe<\/strong> at the back of the brain, where sensory input is turned into meaningful perception. The brain processes vision through <strong data-start=\"4318\" data-end=\"4339\">two main pathways<\/strong> (Milner &amp; Goodale, 2008; Ungerleider &amp; Haxby, 1994):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"4396\" data-end=\"4498\"><strong data-start=\"4396\" data-end=\"4436\">The \u201cWhat\u201d Pathway (Ventral Stream):<\/strong> Identifies what an object is\u2014its color, shape, and meaning.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4501\" data-end=\"4613\"><strong data-start=\"4501\" data-end=\"4545\">The \u201cWhere\/How\u201d Pathway (Dorsal Stream):<\/strong> Determines where an object is in space and how to interact with it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4615\" data-end=\"4851\">For example, when you see a ball rolling across the street, the <strong data-start=\"4679\" data-end=\"4698\">ventral pathway<\/strong> identifies it as a ball, while the <strong data-start=\"4734\" data-end=\"4752\">dorsal pathway<\/strong> calculates its movement and location so you can decide whether to catch it or move out of the way.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2153\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2153\" style=\"width: 504px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/26200309\/visualpathways.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2153\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/26200309\/visualpathways.png\" alt=\"Areas of the brain showing the ventral pathway, along the side of the brain closer to the temporal lobes, and the dorsal pathway in the back of the brain. It also shows the visual cortex areas at the back of the brain: V1\/V2, V3, V3A, and V4 (associated with color), and the faces and object recognition areas (next to V4).\" width=\"504\" height=\"254\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2153\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Visual areas in the brain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3988\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3988&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3988&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"625\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Vision, Waves and Wavelengths\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/5-3-vision\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Vision, information on ventral and dorsal pathways\",\"author\":\"Simona Buetti and Alejandro Lleras \",\"organization\":\"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/vision\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":402,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Vision, Waves and Wavelengths","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/5-3-vision","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"},{"type":"cc","description":"Vision, information on ventral and dorsal pathways","author":"Simona Buetti and Alejandro Lleras ","organization":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","url":"http:\/\/nobaproject.com\/modules\/vision","project":"","license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/412"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7150,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/412\/revisions\/7150"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/402"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/412\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=412"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=412"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}