{"id":387,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/reading-psychoactive-drugs\/"},"modified":"2025-11-07T13:49:21","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T13:49:21","slug":"reading-psychoactive-drugs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/reading-psychoactive-drugs\/","title":{"raw":"Drugs and Substances: Learn It 1\u2014Psychoactive Drugs and Addiction","rendered":"Drugs and Substances: Learn It 1\u2014Psychoactive Drugs and Addiction"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe how substance abuse disorders are diagnosed<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe depressants and the impact of their use<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe stimulants and the impact of their use<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe opioids and the impact of their use<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe hallucinogens and the impact of their use<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Compare and contrast between depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and some of the problems associated with such use.\r\n\r\n<h2>Substance Abuse<\/h2>\r\n<p>Psychologists and clinicians use a manual called the <strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, <\/em><\/strong>or DSM, to diagnose and classify mental disorders. The manual is now on its fifth revised edition, called the DSM-5-TR (2022). Substance abuse disorders are are classified under \"Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.\"<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The diagnostic term is <span class=\"s1\"><strong>Substance Use Disorder (SUD)<\/strong>, <\/span>and it\u2019s defined by <span class=\"s1\">11 criteria<\/span> considered over a 12-month period. Clinicians code <span class=\"s1\">severity<\/span> by the number of criteria met: <span class=\"s1\">mild (2\u20133)<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">moderate (4\u20135)<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">severe (6+)<\/span>. The DSM-5-TR also provides specifiers such as <span class=\"s1\">in early remission<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">in sustained remission<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">in a controlled environment<\/span>, and (for opioid use disorder) <span class=\"s1\">on maintenance therapy<\/span> (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone). Separate diagnoses exist for <span class=\"s1\">substance intoxication<\/span> and <span class=\"s1\">withdrawal<\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<h3>The Neurobiology of Addiction<\/h3>\r\n<p>Contemporary research views addiction as a chronic brain disorder characterized by specific neuroadaptations. These changes occur across a three-stage cycle: binge\/intoxication, withdrawal\/negative affect, and preoccupation\/anticipation. Each stage involves distinct brain regions and neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, glutamate, and stress-response systems. Neuroimaging studies have mapped how these brain circuits change during addiction, showing that the process involves alterations in reward processing, executive function, and emotional regulation.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Physical dependence<\/strong> involves changes in normal\u00a0brain and body chemistry leading to symptoms that are not primarily cognitive or emotional in nature.\u00a0Users\u00a0develop a tolerance to substances over time and will experience withdrawal upon cessation of the drug's use.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>In contrast, a person who has <strong>psychological dependence<\/strong> experiences a cognitive and emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tolerance<\/strong> is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more of the drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level\u2014even to the point of overdose and death.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>Drug <strong>withdrawal<\/strong> includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders experience both tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>\u00a0Importantly, tolerance and withdrawal alone don\u2019t equal an SUD: DSM guidance specifies that when these occur during appropriate medical treatment, they shouldn\u2019t count toward the diagnosis. In short, physical dependence (e.g., needing coffee to avoid a headache) can exist without the impaired control and consequences that define an SUD.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.stuartmcmillen.com\/comic\/rat-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read\u00a0through this fascinating comic created by Stuart McMillen<\/a> about psychologist Bruce Alexander's Rat Park study on addiction. For more information on Bruce Alexander's study and a better understanding of addiction, listen to Johann Hari's TED Talk, \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong<\/a>.\"<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\" aria-label=\"Connect It\">\r\n<p>According to 2024 data from SAMHSA's National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 48.4 million Americans (16.8% of those aged 12 or older) met criteria for a substance use disorder. Marijuana use disorder was most common (20.6 million), followed by opioid use disorder (4.8 million) and stimulant use disorder (4.3 million). Notably, only about 1 in 5 people needing treatment actually received it in 2024, highlighting a significant treatment gap.[footnote]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2025). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP25-07-007, NSDUH Series H-60). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-surveydrug-use-and-health\/national-release[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Drug Categories<\/h2>\r\n<p>The effects of all <strong>psychoactive drugs<\/strong> occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity.<\/p>\r\n<p>The main categories of drugs are\u00a0<strong>depressants<\/strong>, <strong>stimulants<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hallucinogens<\/strong>. You'll\u00a0learn more about these types of drugs in the coming pages.<\/p>\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\"><strong>Class of Drug<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\"><strong>Effects on the Body<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\"><strong>Effects When Used<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\"><strong>Psychologically Addicting?<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Stimulants<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (\u201cEcstasy\u201d or \u201cMolly\u201d) (MDMA also acts as a mild hallucinogen)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Sedative-Hypnotics (\u201cDepressants\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Decreased heart rate, blood pressure<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Opiates<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicodin, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Hallucinogens<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Marijuana[footnote]Note that marijuana (cannabis) is most often included as a hallucinogen due to its psychoactive properties, but it can also be classified as a depressant or stimulant.[\/footnote], LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, psilocybin, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<style>table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {text-align: left;}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 960px) {.psy-4_4_1--table-wrap {overflow-x: scroll;width: 100%;}}@media (max-width: 767px) {table.psy-4_4_1--table td[data-title]::before {content: attr(data-title) \": \";display: block;font-weight: 600;}table.psy-4_4_1--table thead {display: none;}table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody td, table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {display: block;}table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {font-size: 1.25rem;padding: 10px 20px;}}<\/style>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]3975[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe how substance abuse disorders are diagnosed<\/li>\n<li>Describe depressants and the impact of their use<\/li>\n<li>Describe stimulants and the impact of their use<\/li>\n<li>Describe opioids and the impact of their use<\/li>\n<li>Describe hallucinogens and the impact of their use<\/li>\n<li>Compare and contrast between depressants, stimulants, opioids, and hallucinogens<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and some of the problems associated with such use.<\/p>\n<h2>Substance Abuse<\/h2>\n<p>Psychologists and clinicians use a manual called the <strong><em data-effect=\"italics\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, <\/em><\/strong>or DSM, to diagnose and classify mental disorders. The manual is now on its fifth revised edition, called the DSM-5-TR (2022). Substance abuse disorders are are classified under &#8220;Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The diagnostic term is <span class=\"s1\"><strong>Substance Use Disorder (SUD)<\/strong>, <\/span>and it\u2019s defined by <span class=\"s1\">11 criteria<\/span> considered over a 12-month period. Clinicians code <span class=\"s1\">severity<\/span> by the number of criteria met: <span class=\"s1\">mild (2\u20133)<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">moderate (4\u20135)<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">severe (6+)<\/span>. The DSM-5-TR also provides specifiers such as <span class=\"s1\">in early remission<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">in sustained remission<\/span>, <span class=\"s1\">in a controlled environment<\/span>, and (for opioid use disorder) <span class=\"s1\">on maintenance therapy<\/span> (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone). Separate diagnoses exist for <span class=\"s1\">substance intoxication<\/span> and <span class=\"s1\">withdrawal<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3>The Neurobiology of Addiction<\/h3>\n<p>Contemporary research views addiction as a chronic brain disorder characterized by specific neuroadaptations. These changes occur across a three-stage cycle: binge\/intoxication, withdrawal\/negative affect, and preoccupation\/anticipation. Each stage involves distinct brain regions and neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, glutamate, and stress-response systems. Neuroimaging studies have mapped how these brain circuits change during addiction, showing that the process involves alterations in reward processing, executive function, and emotional regulation.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Physical dependence<\/strong> involves changes in normal\u00a0brain and body chemistry leading to symptoms that are not primarily cognitive or emotional in nature.\u00a0Users\u00a0develop a tolerance to substances over time and will experience withdrawal upon cessation of the drug&#8217;s use.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, a person who has <strong>psychological dependence<\/strong> experiences a cognitive and emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tolerance<\/strong> is linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more of the drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level\u2014even to the point of overdose and death.<\/p>\n<p>Drug <strong>withdrawal<\/strong> includes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders experience both tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>\u00a0Importantly, tolerance and withdrawal alone don\u2019t equal an SUD: DSM guidance specifies that when these occur during appropriate medical treatment, they shouldn\u2019t count toward the diagnosis. In short, physical dependence (e.g., needing coffee to avoid a headache) can exist without the impaired control and consequences that define an SUD.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.stuartmcmillen.com\/comic\/rat-park\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read\u00a0through this fascinating comic created by Stuart McMillen<\/a> about psychologist Bruce Alexander&#8217;s Rat Park study on addiction. For more information on Bruce Alexander&#8217;s study and a better understanding of addiction, listen to Johann Hari&#8217;s TED Talk, &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/johann_hari_everything_you_think_you_know_about_addiction_is_wrong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong<\/a>.&#8221;<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\" aria-label=\"Connect It\">\n<p>According to 2024 data from SAMHSA&#8217;s National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 48.4 million Americans (16.8% of those aged 12 or older) met criteria for a substance use disorder. Marijuana use disorder was most common (20.6 million), followed by opioid use disorder (4.8 million) and stimulant use disorder (4.3 million). Notably, only about 1 in 5 people needing treatment actually received it in 2024, highlighting a significant treatment gap.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2025). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP25-07-007, NSDUH Series H-60). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-surveydrug-use-and-health\/national-release\" id=\"return-footnote-387-1\" href=\"#footnote-387-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Drug Categories<\/h2>\n<p>The effects of all <strong>psychoactive drugs<\/strong> occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity.<\/p>\n<p>The main categories of drugs are\u00a0<strong>depressants<\/strong>, <strong>stimulants<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>hallucinogens<\/strong>. You&#8217;ll\u00a0learn more about these types of drugs in the coming pages.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\"><strong>Class of Drug<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\"><strong>Examples<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\"><strong>Effects on the Body<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\"><strong>Effects When Used<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\"><strong>Psychologically Addicting?<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Stimulants<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (\u201cEcstasy\u201d or \u201cMolly\u201d) (MDMA also acts as a mild hallucinogen)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Sedative-Hypnotics (\u201cDepressants\u201d)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Decreased heart rate, blood pressure<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Opiates<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicodin, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 16.1213%;\">Hallucinogens<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.5082%;\">Marijuana<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Note that marijuana (cannabis) is most often included as a hallucinogen due to its psychoactive properties, but it can also be classified as a depressant or stimulant.\" id=\"return-footnote-387-2\" href=\"#footnote-387-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, psilocybin, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 23.3409%;\">Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 24.1975%;\">Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.8322%;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<style scoped=\"scoped\">table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {text-align: left;}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 960px) {.psy-4_4_1--table-wrap {overflow-x: scroll;width: 100%;}}@media (max-width: 767px) {table.psy-4_4_1--table td[data-title]::before {content: attr(data-title) \": \";display: block;font-weight: 600;}table.psy-4_4_1--table thead {display: none;}table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody td, table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {display: block;}table.psy-4_4_1--table tbody th {font-size: 1.25rem;padding: 10px 20px;}}<\/style>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3975\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3975&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3975&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-387-1\">Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2025). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2024 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP25-07-007, NSDUH Series H-60). Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-surveydrug-use-and-health\/national-release <a href=\"#return-footnote-387-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-387-2\">Note that marijuana (cannabis) is most often included as a hallucinogen due to its psychoactive properties, but it can also be classified as a depressant or stimulant. <a href=\"#return-footnote-387-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Substance Use and Abuse\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/4-5-substance-use-and-abuse\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse Research Report\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"National Institute of Health\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/mdma-ecstasy-abuse\/what-mdma\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":364,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Substance Use and Abuse","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/4-5-substance-use-and-abuse","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction."},{"type":"original","description":"Modification, adaptation, and original content","author":"","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"pd","description":"MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse Research Report","author":"","organization":"National Institute of Health","url":"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/publications\/research-reports\/mdma-ecstasy-abuse\/what-mdma","project":"","license":"pd","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/387"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7124,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/387\/revisions\/7124"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/364"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/387\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=387"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=387"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}