{"id":380,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:24","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/reading-sleep-disruptions\/"},"modified":"2025-11-06T21:53:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-06T21:53:47","slug":"reading-sleep-disruptions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/reading-sleep-disruptions\/","title":{"raw":"Sleep Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014When Biological Clocks Get Disrupted","rendered":"Sleep Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014When Biological Clocks Get Disrupted"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain disruptions in biological rhythms<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe the symptoms and treatments for common sleep disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Disruptions of Normal Sleep<\/h2>\r\n<p>Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a person\u2019s circadian clock gets out of sync with the external environment.<\/p>\r\n<p>One way disruption of sleep happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. <strong>Jet lag<\/strong> is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and <strong>insomnia<\/strong> (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month\u2019s time) (Roth, 2007).<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<h3>Shift Work Woes<\/h3>\r\n<p>Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<strong>Rotating shift work<\/strong> refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. In such instances, the individual\u2019s schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). <\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"266\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224626\/CNX_Psych_04_01_Brightlight.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a bright lamp.\" width=\"266\" height=\"200\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, &amp; Hsu, 2013).<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 36px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -0.02em; word-spacing: normal;\">Insufficient Sleep<\/span><\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">While there is tremendous variation in any given individual\u2019s sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 7\u20139 hours by the time we are adults.The table below shows recommended amounts of sleep at different ages. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. As we grow older, we sleep less; by age 65 most older adults average less than 7 hours of sleep per night.\r\n\r\n<table summary=\"This table has two columns and eight rows. The first row is a header row, and it labels the first column, \u201cage,\u201d and the second column \u201cnightly sleep needs.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the second row reads \u201c0\u20133 months.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the second row reads \u201c12\u201318 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the third row reads \u201c3 months\u20131 year.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the third row reads \u201c14\u201315 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the fourth row reads \u201c1\u20133 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the fourth row reads \u201c12\u201314 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the fifth row reads \u201c3\u20135 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the fifth row reads \u201c11\u201313 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the sixth row reads \u201c5\u201310 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the sixth row reads \u201c10\u201311 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the seventh row reads \u201c10\u201318 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the seventh row reads \u201c8\u201310 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the eighth row reads \u201c18 and older.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the eighth row reads \u201c7\u20139 hours.\u201d\">\r\n<caption>Sleep Needs at Different Ages<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Age<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Nightly Sleep Needs<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>0\u20133 months<\/td>\r\n<td>12\u201318 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3 months\u20131 year<\/td>\r\n<td>14\u201315 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1\u20133 years<\/td>\r\n<td>12\u201314 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3\u20135 years<\/td>\r\n<td>11\u201313 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5\u201310 years<\/td>\r\n<td>10\u201311 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10\u201318 years<\/td>\r\n<td>8\u201310 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>18 and older<\/td>\r\n<td>7\u20139 hours<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>sleep debt<\/h3>\r\n<p>A person with a <strong>sleep debt<\/strong> does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. As a result, many of us sleep less than 7\u20138 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have a sleep debt. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt, chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Fall 2024 data from over 25,000 undergraduates revealed that only <span class=\"s1\">42.6%<\/span> slept more than<span class=\"s1\"> hours on weeknights and nearly <\/span><span class=\"s1\">45.4%<\/span> felt tired\/sleepy <span class=\"s1\">3\u20135 days<\/span> in the past week.[footnote]American College Health Association (ACHA-NCHA IIIb),<em> Undergraduate Executive Summary<\/em>, Fall 2024 \u2014 sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and \u201cfelt rested\u201d metrics for U.S. college students.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<h3>Consequences of Sleep Debt<\/h3>\r\n<p>Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequences. A lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks &amp; Dinges, 2007).<\/p>\r\n<p>A sleep-deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if they were not sleep-deprived. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example, sitting and watching television or driving a car). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery.<\/p>\r\n<p>Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson &amp; Feyer, 2000). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore &amp; Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5591\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"975\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/28193301\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-5591 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d.jpeg\" alt=\"An illustration of the top half of a human body identifies the locations in the body that correspond with various adverse affects of sleep deprivation. The brain is labeled with \u201cIrritability,\u201d \u201cCognitive impairment,\u201d \u201cMemory lapses or loss,\u201d \u201cImpaired moral judgment,\u201d \u201cSevere yawning,\u201d \u201cHallucinations,\u201d and \u201cSymptoms similar to ADHD.\u201d The heart is labeled with \u201cRisk of heart disease.\u201d The muscles are labeled with \u201cIncreased reaction time,\u201d \u201cDecreased accuracy,\u201d \u201cTremors,\u201d and \u201cAches.\u201d There is an organ near the stomach labeled \u201cRisk of diabetes Type 2.\u201d Various parts of the neck, arm, and underarm are labeled \u201cImpaired immune system.\u201d Other risks include \u201cGrowth suppression,\u201d \u201cRisk of obesity,\u201d \u201cDecreased temperature.\u201d\" width=\"975\" height=\"522\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"700\"]3970[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Explain disruptions in biological rhythms<\/li>\n<li>Describe the symptoms and treatments for common sleep disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Disruptions of Normal Sleep<\/h2>\n<p>Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a person\u2019s circadian clock gets out of sync with the external environment.<\/p>\n<p>One way disruption of sleep happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. <strong>Jet lag<\/strong> is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and <strong>insomnia<\/strong> (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month\u2019s time) (Roth, 2007).<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<h3>Shift Work Woes<\/h3>\n<p>Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Rotating shift work<\/strong> refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. In such instances, the individual\u2019s schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). <\/p>\n<\/section>\n<figure style=\"width: 266px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224626\/CNX_Psych_04_01_Brightlight.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a bright lamp.\" width=\"266\" height=\"200\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, &amp; Hsu, 2013).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 36px; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: -0.02em; word-spacing: normal;\">Insufficient Sleep<\/span><\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">While there is tremendous variation in any given individual\u2019s sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 7\u20139 hours by the time we are adults.The table below shows recommended amounts of sleep at different ages. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. As we grow older, we sleep less; by age 65 most older adults average less than 7 hours of sleep per night.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"This table has two columns and eight rows. The first row is a header row, and it labels the first column, \u201cage,\u201d and the second column \u201cnightly sleep needs.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the second row reads \u201c0\u20133 months.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the second row reads \u201c12\u201318 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the third row reads \u201c3 months\u20131 year.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the third row reads \u201c14\u201315 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the fourth row reads \u201c1\u20133 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the fourth row reads \u201c12\u201314 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the fifth row reads \u201c3\u20135 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the fifth row reads \u201c11\u201313 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the sixth row reads \u201c5\u201310 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the sixth row reads \u201c10\u201311 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the seventh row reads \u201c10\u201318 years.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the seventh row reads \u201c8\u201310 hours.\u201d In the \u201cage\u201d column, the eighth row reads \u201c18 and older.\u201d In the \u201cnightly sleep needs\u201d column, the eighth row reads \u201c7\u20139 hours.\u201d\">\n<caption>Sleep Needs at Different Ages<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Age<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Nightly Sleep Needs<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>0\u20133 months<\/td>\n<td>12\u201318 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3 months\u20131 year<\/td>\n<td>14\u201315 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1\u20133 years<\/td>\n<td>12\u201314 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3\u20135 years<\/td>\n<td>11\u201313 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5\u201310 years<\/td>\n<td>10\u201311 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10\u201318 years<\/td>\n<td>8\u201310 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>18 and older<\/td>\n<td>7\u20139 hours<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>sleep debt<\/h3>\n<p>A person with a <strong>sleep debt<\/strong> does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. As a result, many of us sleep less than 7\u20138 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have a sleep debt. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt, chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Fall 2024 data from over 25,000 undergraduates revealed that only <span class=\"s1\">42.6%<\/span> slept more than<span class=\"s1\"> hours on weeknights and nearly <\/span><span class=\"s1\">45.4%<\/span> felt tired\/sleepy <span class=\"s1\">3\u20135 days<\/span> in the past week.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"American College Health Association (ACHA-NCHA IIIb), Undergraduate Executive Summary, Fall 2024 \u2014 sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and \u201cfelt rested\u201d metrics for U.S. college students.\" id=\"return-footnote-380-1\" href=\"#footnote-380-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Consequences of Sleep Debt<\/h3>\n<p>Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequences. A lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks &amp; Dinges, 2007).<\/p>\n<p>A sleep-deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if they were not sleep-deprived. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example, sitting and watching television or driving a car). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery.<\/p>\n<p>Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson &amp; Feyer, 2000). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore &amp; Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5591\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5591\" style=\"width: 975px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/10\/28193301\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5591 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d.jpeg\" alt=\"An illustration of the top half of a human body identifies the locations in the body that correspond with various adverse affects of sleep deprivation. The brain is labeled with \u201cIrritability,\u201d \u201cCognitive impairment,\u201d \u201cMemory lapses or loss,\u201d \u201cImpaired moral judgment,\u201d \u201cSevere yawning,\u201d \u201cHallucinations,\u201d and \u201cSymptoms similar to ADHD.\u201d The heart is labeled with \u201cRisk of heart disease.\u201d The muscles are labeled with \u201cIncreased reaction time,\u201d \u201cDecreased accuracy,\u201d \u201cTremors,\u201d and \u201cAches.\u201d There is an organ near the stomach labeled \u201cRisk of diabetes Type 2.\u201d Various parts of the neck, arm, and underarm are labeled \u201cImpaired immune system.\u201d Other risks include \u201cGrowth suppression,\u201d \u201cRisk of obesity,\u201d \u201cDecreased temperature.\u201d\" width=\"975\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d.jpeg 975w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d-300x161.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d-768x411.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d-65x35.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d-225x120.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/20222601\/aafa6850a992490848a05ba406b371d954b6838d-350x187.jpeg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5591\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. (credit: modification of work by Mikael H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3970\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3970&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3970&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-380-1\">American College Health Association (ACHA-NCHA IIIb),<em> Undergraduate Executive Summary<\/em>, Fall 2024 \u2014 sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and \u201cfelt rested\u201d metrics for U.S. college students. <a href=\"#return-footnote-380-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"What is Consciousness?\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/4-1-what-is-consciousness\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction.\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":364,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"What is Consciousness?","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/4-1-what-is-consciousness","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction."}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7113,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/revisions\/7113"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/364"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/380\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=380"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=380"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=380"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=380"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}