{"id":371,"date":"2023-03-02T20:16:20","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T20:16:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/4-1-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2023-09-08T03:31:39","modified_gmt":"2023-09-08T03:31:39","slug":"4-1-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/4-1-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"Consciousness: Apply It","rendered":"Consciousness: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe consciousness<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand blindsight<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\r\nYou already learned about blindsight and the incredible ability to process visual information even without consciously seeing it. Now let's learn about some of the research done to learn more about blindsight.\r\n<h3>Laboratory Research on Unconscious Visual Processing<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3870\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"441\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3870 \" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme A: Psychological science relies on empirical evidence and adapts as new data develop.\" width=\"441\" height=\"117\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Step through this research on blindsight to learn more about how empirical evidence is collected.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDr. Tony Ro is a professor of psychology at the City University of New York. He started studying the connection between consciousness and brain processing more than 20 years ago, and he was one of the earliest researchers to apply TMS technology to the study of visual perception.\r\n\r\nIn one study, Dr. Ro and graduate students Jennifer Boyer and Stephenie Harrison used TMS technology to see if sighted people could process features of visual stimuli without conscious awareness of those stimuli. In other words, they wanted to know if they could create temporary blindsight in sighted subjects in a laboratory.\r\n\r\nRemember that blindsight involves unconscious awareness of \u201cfeatures\u201d of objects and events, such as the shape of an object or the direction of its movement. This study focused on two visual features: orientation and color. You and I see orientation (horizontal or vertical) or color (red or green) as part of the experience of some object. A line is horizontal. A box is red. For a person with blindsight, \u201chorizontal\u201d is experienced without any shape associated with it. \u201cRed\u201d is experienced without becoming aware\u00a0of the thing that is red. This is the blindsight condition that Dr. Ro and his colleagues wanted to reproduce in the laboratory with the help of volunteer subjects.\r\n\r\nLet's walk through the experiment to understand how it was designed and conducted.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\r\n<h2>Experiment 1: Unconscious Detection of Orientation<\/h2>\r\n<strong>SETUP<\/strong>: The TMS wand was precisely adjusted so the TMS pulse was aimed at the back of the brain (primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes) affecting a very small area of the visual field. For example, imagine the gray box below\u00a0is a computer screen. The plus sign in the middle is a fixation point. You (the participant in the study)\u00a0are asked to fixate your eyes on this plus sign for the duration of each trial.\u00a0While you focus on the plus sign, the TMS pulse is then adjusted to your individual brain so that the area of your visual field shown as the blue circle (used here only for explanation purposes) is momentarily\u00a0rendered \u201cblind\u201d when the pulse is active. This is a painstaking process that involves fine calibration of the wand based on feedback from the participant about what they can see when different targets are shown on the screen.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5006\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"616\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/07\/19052107\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-19-at-12.20.41-AM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-5006 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/07\/19052107\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-19-at-12.20.41-AM.png\" alt=\"Image of a person with a TMS wand held over the head. To the right of that, there is a cross and a white circle with a blue outline. This represents how that circle would temporarily disappear for someone during the TMS stimulation.\" width=\"616\" height=\"210\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Researchers adjusted the TMS wand until the circle would temporarily disappear from a person's visual field.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>TESTING<\/strong>: In one of Dr. Ro\u2019s experiments, participants had to guess the orientation of a line (either horizontal or vertical), sometimes when they were temporarily blinded (in a tiny area of the visual cortex) by a TMS pulse. The study consisted of a series of trials. On each trial, either a horizontal or a vertical line was flashed for a fraction of a second on the computer screen in front of the participant. On some of these trials, a TMS pulse disrupted the neurons in the visual cortex. On other trials, there was no TMS pulse. The no-pulse trials served as a kind of control condition.\r\n\r\n<\/section>Click on the slideshow below to see the steps in the vertical line condition. You can use the arrows at the bottom to navigate through the slides.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Click on the slideshow below to see the steps in the vertical line condition. You can use the arrows at the bottom to navigate through the slides.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290512849455705778\/embed\" width=\"743\" height=\"440\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"300\"]11114[\/ohm2_question]<\/section><section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><strong>EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS<\/strong>: \u00a0By chance, if you have to choose between two equally likely options (horizontal or vertical), you would be correct about 50% of the time.On the trials when the subjects reported that they did not \u201csee\u201d anything at all, they correctly guessed the orientation of the line 75% of the time, performance that is significantly better than chance. There was also a strong positive correlation (r = +0.93) between accuracy and confidence: the more confident the subject in their guess, the more likely it was that the guess was correct. Keep in mind that, in all of these cases, the subjects started by saying that they saw nothing. That was about 60% of the trials. On the other 40% of trials, the subjects reported seeing something, even if it was a slight blur, and these trials did not count. Not surprisingly, accuracy was near perfect when subjects were conscious of seeing the bar and its orientation.A second study using the color of a circle rather than the orientation of a bar was reported in the same paper. Otherwise, the procedures were the same as in the first experiment and the results were consistent with the results for the bar orientation experiment.<\/section><section class=\"textbox example\">Here is a video about a similar experiment conducted by Dr. Ro and his colleagues. The experiment in the video involves detecting yet another feature of objects: their shape. The basic procedures and results are similar to the ones you have just read.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_Y4KsUqmuUw?rel=0\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SeeingBeyondTheVisualCortexScienceNation.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Seeing Beyond the Visual Cortex - Science Nation\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\r\n<h2>Applications of Blindsight<\/h2>\r\nIf we process and react to more visual information than we are consciously aware of, then it is possible something similar is occurring with our other senses (touch, taste, smell, hearing).\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s try some exercises together to explore similar subconscious reactions in everyday life.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">Type your ideas into the open boxes and compare your responses with the sample answers shown below.1. Can you imagine a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to sensory (touch) information that you are not consciously aware of?\u00a0<del><\/del>[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area][reveal-answer q=\"968684\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"968684\"]Imagine you are seated at a desk while studying but find that you keep getting distracted. You feel as if something is bothering you, but you can\u2019t consciously identify what it might be. Finally, you reach up to scratch your neck and find that the t-shirt you're wearing has a tag that is scratching your neck in an uncomfortable way.[\/hidden-answer]2. Can you think of a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to gustatory (taste) information you are not consciously aware of?[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area][reveal-answer q=\"422508\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"422508\"]You pour yourself a bowl of sugary cereal with milk and sit down at the table to eat while scrolling through the news on your phone. Five minutes pass and you realize that you haven\u2019t taken more than a single bite of cereal. You reach down to your bowl to take another bite but notice that you have completely lost your appetite. It is only later that you realize that the milk in your cereal has a slightly sour taste that was masked by the sugary cereal.[\/hidden-answer]3. Can you imagine a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to olfactory (smell) information that you are not consciously aware of?[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area][reveal-answer q=\"260295\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"260295\"]You are driving down the road with your driver\u2019s side window rolled down. You stop at a red light and instinctively roll your window up. This action mildly surprises you as it is a hot day and the car is uncomfortably warm. You deliberately and consciously roll the window back down only to realize that the truck stopped at the light next to you is generating a very strong smell of car exhaust.\u00a0[\/hidden-answer]4. Can you think of a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to auditory (sound) information that you are not consciously aware of?\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[reveal-answer q=\"662753\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"662753\"]You are walking on a bike path that crosses underneath several high-voltage power lines. Something catches your attention\u2014you aren\u2019t sure what\u2014and you stop walking to look around.\u00a0It is only after several seconds of very attentive listening that you become aware of a high-pitched buzzing sound emanating from the power lines overhead.[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>&nbsp;","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe consciousness<\/li>\n<li>Understand blindsight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<p>You already learned about blindsight and the incredible ability to process visual information even without consciously seeing it. Now let&#8217;s learn about some of the research done to learn more about blindsight.<\/p>\n<h3>Laboratory Research on Unconscious Visual Processing<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3870\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3870\" style=\"width: 441px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3870\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme A: Psychological science relies on empirical evidence and adapts as new data develop.\" width=\"441\" height=\"117\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM.png 1110w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-300x79.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-1024x271.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-768x203.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-65x17.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-225x60.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29155216\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.50.57-AM-350x93.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3870\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Step through this research on blindsight to learn more about how empirical evidence is collected.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dr. Tony Ro is a professor of psychology at the City University of New York. He started studying the connection between consciousness and brain processing more than 20 years ago, and he was one of the earliest researchers to apply TMS technology to the study of visual perception.<\/p>\n<p>In one study, Dr. Ro and graduate students Jennifer Boyer and Stephenie Harrison used TMS technology to see if sighted people could process features of visual stimuli without conscious awareness of those stimuli. In other words, they wanted to know if they could create temporary blindsight in sighted subjects in a laboratory.<\/p>\n<p>Remember that blindsight involves unconscious awareness of \u201cfeatures\u201d of objects and events, such as the shape of an object or the direction of its movement. This study focused on two visual features: orientation and color. You and I see orientation (horizontal or vertical) or color (red or green) as part of the experience of some object. A line is horizontal. A box is red. For a person with blindsight, \u201chorizontal\u201d is experienced without any shape associated with it. \u201cRed\u201d is experienced without becoming aware\u00a0of the thing that is red. This is the blindsight condition that Dr. Ro and his colleagues wanted to reproduce in the laboratory with the help of volunteer subjects.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s walk through the experiment to understand how it was designed and conducted.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\n<h2>Experiment 1: Unconscious Detection of Orientation<\/h2>\n<p><strong>SETUP<\/strong>: The TMS wand was precisely adjusted so the TMS pulse was aimed at the back of the brain (primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes) affecting a very small area of the visual field. For example, imagine the gray box below\u00a0is a computer screen. The plus sign in the middle is a fixation point. You (the participant in the study)\u00a0are asked to fixate your eyes on this plus sign for the duration of each trial.\u00a0While you focus on the plus sign, the TMS pulse is then adjusted to your individual brain so that the area of your visual field shown as the blue circle (used here only for explanation purposes) is momentarily\u00a0rendered \u201cblind\u201d when the pulse is active. This is a painstaking process that involves fine calibration of the wand based on feedback from the participant about what they can see when different targets are shown on the screen.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5006\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5006\" style=\"width: 616px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/07\/19052107\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-19-at-12.20.41-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5006 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/07\/19052107\/Screen-Shot-2018-10-19-at-12.20.41-AM.png\" alt=\"Image of a person with a TMS wand held over the head. To the right of that, there is a cross and a white circle with a blue outline. This represents how that circle would temporarily disappear for someone during the TMS stimulation.\" width=\"616\" height=\"210\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5006\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Researchers adjusted the TMS wand until the circle would temporarily disappear from a person&#8217;s visual field.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>TESTING<\/strong>: In one of Dr. Ro\u2019s experiments, participants had to guess the orientation of a line (either horizontal or vertical), sometimes when they were temporarily blinded (in a tiny area of the visual cortex) by a TMS pulse. The study consisted of a series of trials. On each trial, either a horizontal or a vertical line was flashed for a fraction of a second on the computer screen in front of the participant. On some of these trials, a TMS pulse disrupted the neurons in the visual cortex. On other trials, there was no TMS pulse. The no-pulse trials served as a kind of control condition.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Click on the slideshow below to see the steps in the vertical line condition. You can use the arrows at the bottom to navigate through the slides.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Click on the slideshow below to see the steps in the vertical line condition. You can use the arrows at the bottom to navigate through the slides.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290512849455705778\/embed\" width=\"743\" height=\"440\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11114\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11114&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11114&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><strong>EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS<\/strong>: \u00a0By chance, if you have to choose between two equally likely options (horizontal or vertical), you would be correct about 50% of the time.On the trials when the subjects reported that they did not \u201csee\u201d anything at all, they correctly guessed the orientation of the line 75% of the time, performance that is significantly better than chance. There was also a strong positive correlation (r = +0.93) between accuracy and confidence: the more confident the subject in their guess, the more likely it was that the guess was correct. Keep in mind that, in all of these cases, the subjects started by saying that they saw nothing. That was about 60% of the trials. On the other 40% of trials, the subjects reported seeing something, even if it was a slight blur, and these trials did not count. Not surprisingly, accuracy was near perfect when subjects were conscious of seeing the bar and its orientation.A second study using the color of a circle rather than the orientation of a bar was reported in the same paper. Otherwise, the procedures were the same as in the first experiment and the results were consistent with the results for the bar orientation experiment.<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">Here is a video about a similar experiment conducted by Dr. Ro and his colleagues. The experiment in the video involves detecting yet another feature of objects: their shape. The basic procedures and results are similar to the ones you have just read.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_Y4KsUqmuUw?rel=0\" width=\"853\" height=\"480\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/SeeingBeyondTheVisualCortexScienceNation.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Seeing Beyond the Visual Cortex &#8211; Science Nation&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/section>\n<h2>Applications of Blindsight<\/h2>\n<p>If we process and react to more visual information than we are consciously aware of, then it is possible something similar is occurring with our other senses (touch, taste, smell, hearing).<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s try some exercises together to explore similar subconscious reactions in everyday life.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">Type your ideas into the open boxes and compare your responses with the sample answers shown below.1. Can you imagine a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to sensory (touch) information that you are not consciously aware of?\u00a0<del><\/del><textarea rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q968684\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q968684\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Imagine you are seated at a desk while studying but find that you keep getting distracted. You feel as if something is bothering you, but you can\u2019t consciously identify what it might be. Finally, you reach up to scratch your neck and find that the t-shirt you&#8217;re wearing has a tag that is scratching your neck in an uncomfortable way.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>2. Can you think of a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to gustatory (taste) information you are not consciously aware of?<textarea rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q422508\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q422508\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">You pour yourself a bowl of sugary cereal with milk and sit down at the table to eat while scrolling through the news on your phone. Five minutes pass and you realize that you haven\u2019t taken more than a single bite of cereal. You reach down to your bowl to take another bite but notice that you have completely lost your appetite. It is only later that you realize that the milk in your cereal has a slightly sour taste that was masked by the sugary cereal.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>3. Can you imagine a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to olfactory (smell) information that you are not consciously aware of?<textarea rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q260295\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q260295\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">You are driving down the road with your driver\u2019s side window rolled down. You stop at a red light and instinctively roll your window up. This action mildly surprises you as it is a hot day and the car is uncomfortably warm. You deliberately and consciously roll the window back down only to realize that the truck stopped at the light next to you is generating a very strong smell of car exhaust.\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>4. Can you think of a scenario in which your brain might be processing and reacting to auditory (sound) information that you are not consciously aware of?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q662753\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q662753\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">You are walking on a bike path that crosses underneath several high-voltage power lines. Something catches your attention\u2014you aren\u2019t sure what\u2014and you stop walking to look around.\u00a0It is only after several seconds of very attentive listening that you become aware of a high-pitched buzzing sound emanating from the power lines overhead.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Psychology in Real Life: Blindsight\",\"author\":\"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image, neuro-ms\",\"author\":\"Baburov\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Neuro-ms.png\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Seeing Beyond the Visual Cortex - Science Nation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"National Science Foundation News\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Y4KsUqmuUw\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":364,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"original","description":"Psychology in Real Life: Blindsight","author":"Patrick Carroll for Lumen Learning","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Image, neuro-ms","author":"Baburov","organization":"Wikipedia","url":"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Neuro-ms.png","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"copyrighted_video","description":"Seeing Beyond the Visual Cortex - Science Nation","author":"","organization":"National Science Foundation News","url":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/_Y4KsUqmuUw","project":"","license":"other","license_terms":"Standard YouTube License"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/371"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/371\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5869,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/371\/revisions\/5869"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/364"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/371\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=371"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=371"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}