{"id":332,"date":"2023-03-01T15:06:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T15:06:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/1-1-3-learn-it-early-psychology-functionalism\/"},"modified":"2025-09-25T14:10:08","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T14:10:08","slug":"1-1-3-learn-it-early-psychology-functionalism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/1-1-3-learn-it-early-psychology-functionalism\/","title":{"raw":"Early Psychology: Learn It 4\u2014Early Influential Psychologists","rendered":"Early Psychology: Learn It 4\u2014Early Influential Psychologists"},"content":{"raw":"<section>\r\n<h2>More Influential Early Psychologists<\/h2>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2174\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"164\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2174\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150603\/440px-G._Stanley_Hall.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of G. Stanley Hall.\" width=\"164\" height=\"224\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. G. Stanley Hall was the first person to get a doctorate degree in Psychology in America.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h3>G. Stanley Hall<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"461\"><strong data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"409\">G. Stanley Hall (1844\u20131924)<\/strong> helped establish psychology in the United States. He:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"547\">Founded the <strong data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"509\">first American psychology lab<\/strong> at Johns Hopkins University (1883).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"547\">Created the <strong data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"595\">first U.S. psychology journal<\/strong>, <em data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"629\">American Journal of Psychology<\/em> (1887).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"709\">Founded the <strong data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"698\">American Psychological Association (APA)<\/strong> in 1892.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"792\">Hosted <strong data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"736\">Sigmund Freud<\/strong> at Clark University in 1909, Freud\u2019s only U.S. visit.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"1081\">Hall, a functionalist, was influenced by <strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"858\">evolutionary theory<\/strong> and studied <strong data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"906\">child development and education<\/strong> using surveys and questionnaires. Despite his own racist beliefs, Hall mentored <strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1011\">Francis Cecil Sumner<\/strong>, who, in 1920, became the first Black American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. While graduate education in psychology was restricted and rare for women in Hall\u2019s time, it was all but non-existent for Black Americans.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>W.E.I.R.D. psychology\u00a0<\/h3>\r\n<p>Most well-known early psychologists and psychological studies were focused on WEIRD populations (i.e., psychology was dominated by:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>W<\/strong>estern<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>E<\/strong>ducated<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>I<\/strong>ndustrialized<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>R<\/strong>ich and<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>D<\/strong>emocratic people, and more often than not, men).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>There are, however, many more individuals, particularly women and people of color who practiced advanced psychology but did not receive widespread attention or support.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>This remains an issue today. For example, one study by Sabik et al. (2021) found that, out of 100 psychological studies, many did not include demographic information of participants and, of those that did, largely drew on WEIRD populations. But only about 12% of the world\u2019s population meets that description.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>A 2008 survey of psychological research found that 96% of published research had almost exclusively WEIRD subjects. This is not surprising. The best-known, most widely published, and best-supported psychologists have been and continue to be employed in locations, mostly universities, that fit the WEIRD label. While the field of psychology has made significant strides in inclusion and equity, the racial gap in psychological knowledge remains a concern.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3>Francis Cecil Sumner<\/h3>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2175\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"202\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2175\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150603\/francis-c.-sumner.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of Francis Sumner\" width=\"202\" height=\"236\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Francis Sumner, often called the \"Father of Black Psychology\"[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2254\"><strong data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2048\">Francis Cecil Sumner (1895\u20131954)<\/strong> earned his Ph.D. in psychology in 1920, becoming the first Black American to do so. His dissertation addressed psychoanalysis, but his broader research focused on racial bias and educational justice.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2443\">Sumner co-founded the Howard University Department of Psychology, which trained generations of Black psychologists. His legacy earned him the title <strong data-start=\"2408\" data-end=\"2441\">\u201cFather of Black Psychology.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<h3>Inez Beverly Prosser<\/h3>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2176\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"169\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150604\/inezbeverlyprosser-521x460-1.jpeg\" alt=\"Photograph of Inez Prosser in her graduation robes.\" width=\"169\" height=\"149\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Inez Prosser, the first Black woman to receive a PhD in psychology.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Thirteen years after Sumner,<strong> Inez Beverly Prosser<\/strong> (1895\u20131934) became the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Prosser\u2019s research highlighted issues related to education in segregated versus integrated schools, and ultimately, her work was influential in the hallmark 1954 <em>Brown v. Board of Education<\/em> Supreme Court ruling that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"3200\">Around the same time, <strong data-start=\"2912\" data-end=\"2948\">Ruth Winifred Howard (1900\u20131997)<\/strong> became the second Black woman to earn a psychology Ph.D., focusing on child development. She later ran a private practice with her husband, <strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3126\">Albert Sidney Beckham (1897\u20131964)<\/strong>, the first Black school psychologist and a classmate of Francis Sumner.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"3200\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">\r\n<p>Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/oema\/resources\/ethnicity-health\/psychologists\/sumner-prosser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sumner and Prosser in this APA article<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"350\"]3855[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2177\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"173\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150605\/440px-James_McKeen_Cattell.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo of James Catell.\" width=\"173\" height=\"244\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. James Cattell.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h3>James McKeen Cattell<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"3314\" data-end=\"3684\"><strong data-start=\"3314\" data-end=\"3350\">James McKeen Cattell (1860\u20131944)<\/strong> studied under Wundt but focused on individual differences rather than consciousness. Influenced by Francis Galton, he believed intelligence was heritable and measurable through mental tests. Like Galton, Cattell supported <strong data-start=\"3585\" data-end=\"3597\">eugenics<\/strong>, a movement promoting selective breeding, which cast a harmful legacy on psychology.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3686\" data-end=\"3919\">At <strong data-start=\"3689\" data-end=\"3712\">Columbia University<\/strong>, however, Cattell helped establish one of the most respected psychology departments. He promoted the growth of psychological science through publishing, advocacy, and leadership in academic organizations.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"950\"]3856[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section>\n<h2>More Influential Early Psychologists<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2174\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2174\" style=\"width: 164px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2174\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150603\/440px-G._Stanley_Hall.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of G. Stanley Hall.\" width=\"164\" height=\"224\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2174\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. G. Stanley Hall was the first person to get a doctorate degree in Psychology in America.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>G. Stanley Hall<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"461\"><strong data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"409\">G. Stanley Hall (1844\u20131924)<\/strong> helped establish psychology in the United States. He:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"547\">Founded the <strong data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"509\">first American psychology lab<\/strong> at Johns Hopkins University (1883).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"547\">Created the <strong data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"595\">first U.S. psychology journal<\/strong>, <em data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"629\">American Journal of Psychology<\/em> (1887).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"709\">Founded the <strong data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"698\">American Psychological Association (APA)<\/strong> in 1892.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"792\">Hosted <strong data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"736\">Sigmund Freud<\/strong> at Clark University in 1909, Freud\u2019s only U.S. visit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"1081\">Hall, a functionalist, was influenced by <strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"858\">evolutionary theory<\/strong> and studied <strong data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"906\">child development and education<\/strong> using surveys and questionnaires. Despite his own racist beliefs, Hall mentored <strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1011\">Francis Cecil Sumner<\/strong>, who, in 1920, became the first Black American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. While graduate education in psychology was restricted and rare for women in Hall\u2019s time, it was all but non-existent for Black Americans.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>W.E.I.R.D. psychology\u00a0<\/h3>\n<p>Most well-known early psychologists and psychological studies were focused on WEIRD populations (i.e., psychology was dominated by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>W<\/strong>estern<\/li>\n<li><strong>E<\/strong>ducated<\/li>\n<li><strong>I<\/strong>ndustrialized<\/li>\n<li><strong>R<\/strong>ich and<\/li>\n<li><strong>D<\/strong>emocratic people, and more often than not, men).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are, however, many more individuals, particularly women and people of color who practiced advanced psychology but did not receive widespread attention or support.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>This remains an issue today. For example, one study by Sabik et al. (2021) found that, out of 100 psychological studies, many did not include demographic information of participants and, of those that did, largely drew on WEIRD populations. But only about 12% of the world\u2019s population meets that description.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A 2008 survey of psychological research found that 96% of published research had almost exclusively WEIRD subjects. This is not surprising. The best-known, most widely published, and best-supported psychologists have been and continue to be employed in locations, mostly universities, that fit the WEIRD label. While the field of psychology has made significant strides in inclusion and equity, the racial gap in psychological knowledge remains a concern.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Francis Cecil Sumner<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2175\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2175\" style=\"width: 202px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2175\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150603\/francis-c.-sumner.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of Francis Sumner\" width=\"202\" height=\"236\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Francis Sumner, often called the &#8220;Father of Black Psychology&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2254\"><strong data-start=\"2012\" data-end=\"2048\">Francis Cecil Sumner (1895\u20131954)<\/strong> earned his Ph.D. in psychology in 1920, becoming the first Black American to do so. His dissertation addressed psychoanalysis, but his broader research focused on racial bias and educational justice.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2443\">Sumner co-founded the Howard University Department of Psychology, which trained generations of Black psychologists. His legacy earned him the title <strong data-start=\"2408\" data-end=\"2441\">\u201cFather of Black Psychology.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Inez Beverly Prosser<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2176\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2176\" style=\"width: 169px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150604\/inezbeverlyprosser-521x460-1.jpeg\" alt=\"Photograph of Inez Prosser in her graduation robes.\" width=\"169\" height=\"149\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2176\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Inez Prosser, the first Black woman to receive a PhD in psychology.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Thirteen years after Sumner,<strong> Inez Beverly Prosser<\/strong> (1895\u20131934) became the first Black woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Prosser\u2019s research highlighted issues related to education in segregated versus integrated schools, and ultimately, her work was influential in the hallmark 1954 <em>Brown v. Board of Education<\/em> Supreme Court ruling that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"3200\">Around the same time, <strong data-start=\"2912\" data-end=\"2948\">Ruth Winifred Howard (1900\u20131997)<\/strong> became the second Black woman to earn a psychology Ph.D., focusing on child development. She later ran a private practice with her husband, <strong data-start=\"3089\" data-end=\"3126\">Albert Sidney Beckham (1897\u20131964)<\/strong>, the first Black school psychologist and a classmate of Francis Sumner.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p data-start=\"2890\" data-end=\"3200\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">\n<p>Learn more about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pi\/oema\/resources\/ethnicity-health\/psychologists\/sumner-prosser\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sumner and Prosser in this APA article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3855\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3855&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3855&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"350\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2177\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2177\" style=\"width: 173px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/01150605\/440px-James_McKeen_Cattell.jpeg\" alt=\"Photo of James Catell.\" width=\"173\" height=\"244\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2177\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. James Cattell.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>James McKeen Cattell<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3314\" data-end=\"3684\"><strong data-start=\"3314\" data-end=\"3350\">James McKeen Cattell (1860\u20131944)<\/strong> studied under Wundt but focused on individual differences rather than consciousness. Influenced by Francis Galton, he believed intelligence was heritable and measurable through mental tests. Like Galton, Cattell supported <strong data-start=\"3585\" data-end=\"3597\">eugenics<\/strong>, a movement promoting selective breeding, which cast a harmful legacy on psychology.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3686\" data-end=\"3919\">At <strong data-start=\"3689\" data-end=\"3712\">Columbia University<\/strong>, however, Cattell helped establish one of the most respected psychology departments. He promoted the growth of psychological science through publishing, advocacy, and leadership in academic organizations.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3856\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3856&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3856&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"950\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The History of Psychology\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-2-history-of-psychology\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"History of Psychology\",\"author\":\"David B. 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