{"id":324,"date":"2023-03-01T15:06:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T15:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/1-2-1-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2025-09-25T17:31:27","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T17:31:27","slug":"1-2-1-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/1-2-1-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"The History of Psychology: Apply It","rendered":"The History of Psychology: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section><\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain behaviorism<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe humanism<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe cognitive psychology<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe multicultural and feminist psychology<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\r\n<h3>Psychological Perspectives<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"636\"><strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"324\">Psychological perspectives<\/strong> are frameworks psychologists use to explain human thought, emotion, and behavior. Each perspective highlights different factors, uses distinct methods, and offers unique insights. Understanding the history of these perspectives helps explain why they developed and how they continue to shape psychology today.<\/p>\r\n<p>The main psychological perspectives are generally recognized as:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"777\"><strong data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"713\">Psychodynamic perspective<\/strong>: Emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences (Freud).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"901\"><strong data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"806\">Behavioral perspective<\/strong>: Focuses on observable behavior and learning through conditioning (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1026\"><strong data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"930\">Humanistic perspective<\/strong>: Highlights the positive potential of people and emphasizes personal growth (Maslow, Rogers).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1175\"><strong data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1054\">Cognitive perspective<\/strong>: Studies internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving (Neisser, Chomsky, Piaget, Vygotsky).<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1282\"><strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1204\">Biological perspective<\/strong>: Examines how genetics, brain chemistry, and physiology influence behavior.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1387\"><strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1313\">Evolutionary perspective<\/strong>: Views traits and behaviors as adaptations shaped by natural selection.<\/li>\r\n\t<li data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1499\"><strong data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1419\">Sociocultural perspective<\/strong>: Explores how cultural norms, social context, and environment shape behavior.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>For example, imagine that a person is diagnosed with depression. Each perspective might explain it differently:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Biological: Chemical imbalances in the brain.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Evolutionary: A predisposition that once had adaptive value.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Psychodynamic: Unresolved conflicts or unconscious processes.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Sociocultural: Pressures from cultural norms or social environment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>By using multiple perspectives, psychologists can develop a more complete understanding of behavior.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Think about some of the various perspectives you learned about (including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, humanism, and the biological approach), and explain how an alien psychologist from another planet might explain the following human behaviors (a sample answer is provided\u2014can you think of an alternative explanation as well?):<br \/>\r\n1. Why do people cut or shave hair from their bodies (and why does it vary by sex, age, groups, etc.)?[reveal-answer q=\"541588\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"541588\"]Psychoanalysis: A psychoanalyst from another planet might explain body hair removal as a result of unconscious desires related to sexuality and aggression. According to this perspective, individuals may engage in body hair removal as a means of managing their anxieties related to these desires. For example, women may feel pressured to remove body hair in order to conform to cultural norms of beauty and femininity, while men may engage in body hair removal as a way of asserting dominance or demonstrating their masculinity.[\/hidden-answer]<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n2. Why do children in an elementary school walk in a line when going to class?[reveal-answer q=\"425875\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"425875\"]Behaviorism: A behaviorist from another planet might explain the behavior of walking in a line as a result of reinforcement and conditioning. According to this perspective, children are taught to walk in a line through a process of shaping and reinforcement. Teachers may provide positive reinforcement (such as praise or a treat) when children walk in a line, and may use negative reinforcement (such as scolding or punishment) when children fail to do so. Over time, this conditioning leads to the development of the behavior.[\/hidden-answer]<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n3. Why are people physically aggressive towards each other (and why might those who identify as male be observed to be more aggressive than those who identify as female)?[reveal-answer q=\"201504\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"201504\"]Biological approach: A psychologist from another planet using the biological approach might explain physical aggression as a result of genetic and physiological factors. According to this perspective, men may be more prone to physical aggression due to differences in hormone levels (such as testosterone) and brain structure. These differences may lead to a greater propensity for risk-taking and aggression, which may be further reinforced by social and cultural factors.[\/hidden-answer]Which psychological perspective most resonates with you, and why?\u00a0<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">\r\n<div>[ohm2_question height=\"875\"]3933[\/ohm2_question]<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><img class=\"wp-image-3862 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-1024x258.png\" alt=\"APA Theme D: Psychology values diversity, promotes equity, and fosters inclusion in pursuit of a more just society.\" width=\"425\" height=\"107\" \/>In this section, you also learned about the doll study conducted by the Clarks in the 1940s. While racial relations today are very different than they were then, the study remains pertinent. As recently as 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/epdf\/10.1007\/s10643-020-01095-9?sharing_token=IX756mBOkHgVf77qoRhGDve4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6gXJ4j-bVjqIW_4MBOBNnC4jEIP4UnGL4JvwYeBkKKYCmQ7fNVdUUGuQOV2kz4uS2O1iRwm8xm1GvxRiTPctxvN2Zz-BDESHiAPxgfJwshcjPHkF_BOisFQ2OBvtS6mqQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study in a preschool<\/a> showed that two young Black girls consistently treated Black dolls less favorably than dolls with other skin colors. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h13Cvky9XoU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This video briefly summarizes that research.<\/a>\r\n<h4 data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"819\">How Perspectives Might Explain the Results<\/h4>\r\n<p data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"1309\"><strong data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"836\">Behaviorism<\/strong><br data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"839\" \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"541599\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br data-start=\"892\" data-end=\"895\" \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"541599\"]<br data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"924\" \/>\r\nA behaviorist might argue that children\u2019s preferences result from <strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1040\">learning through reinforcement and observation<\/strong>. In societies where lighter skin is privileged, children may receive subtle rewards\u2014praise, approval, or positive portrayals in media\u2014for aligning with that group. Over time, these reinforcements teach children to view whiteness as more desirable.<br data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1291\" \/>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1698\"><strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1341\">Psychoanalytic Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1344\" \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"201505\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1400\" \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"201505\"]<br data-start=\"1426\" data-end=\"1429\" \/>\r\nA psychoanalyst might suggest that children have <strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1513\">internalized unconscious biases<\/strong> from their environment. These hidden influences, absorbed through cultural messages about race and value, shape how they respond to dolls of different skin colors.<br data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1680\" \/>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"2117\"><strong data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1725\">Cognitive Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1728\" \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"315159\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br data-start=\"1781\" data-end=\"1784\" \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"315159\"]<br data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1813\" \/>\r\nA cognitive psychologist might explain the results through <strong data-start=\"1872\" data-end=\"1883\">schemas<\/strong>\u2014mental frameworks children use to organize information. If children consistently encounter messages that depict whiteness as \u201cbetter,\u201d they may form schemas that reinforce stereotypes and influence their choices.<br data-start=\"2096\" data-end=\"2099\" \/>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2119\" data-end=\"2504\"><strong data-start=\"2119\" data-end=\"2145\">Humanistic Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"2145\" data-end=\"2148\" \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"315160\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br data-start=\"2201\" data-end=\"2204\" \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"315160\"]<br data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2233\" \/>\r\nA humanistic psychologist might focus on <strong data-start=\"2274\" data-end=\"2290\">self-concept<\/strong> and the need for <strong data-start=\"2308\" data-end=\"2327\">positive regard<\/strong>. In a society that privileges whiteness, children may come to believe they will be valued more if they align with white dolls, impacting their self-esteem.<br data-start=\"2483\" data-end=\"2486\" \/>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"3011\"><strong data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2535\">Sociocultural Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2538\" \/>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"315161\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br data-start=\"2591\" data-end=\"2594\" \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"315161\"]<br data-start=\"2620\" data-end=\"2623\" \/>\r\nFrom a sociocultural lens, the doll preferences reflect the powerful role of <strong data-start=\"2700\" data-end=\"2761\">societal norms, cultural messages, and historical context<\/strong>. Children internalize the idea that whiteness is the norm or the ideal, which shapes attitudes and behaviors. This perspective emphasizes how broader systems\u2014media, education, community, and history\u2014shape individual development.<br data-start=\"2990\" data-end=\"2993\" \/>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section><\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Explain behaviorism<\/li>\n<li>Describe humanism<\/li>\n<li>Describe cognitive psychology<\/li>\n<li>Describe multicultural and feminist psychology<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox recall\">\n<h3>Psychological Perspectives<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"636\"><strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"324\">Psychological perspectives<\/strong> are frameworks psychologists use to explain human thought, emotion, and behavior. Each perspective highlights different factors, uses distinct methods, and offers unique insights. Understanding the history of these perspectives helps explain why they developed and how they continue to shape psychology today.<\/p>\n<p>The main psychological perspectives are generally recognized as:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"777\"><strong data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"713\">Psychodynamic perspective<\/strong>: Emphasizes unconscious drives and early experiences (Freud).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"901\"><strong data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"806\">Behavioral perspective<\/strong>: Focuses on observable behavior and learning through conditioning (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1026\"><strong data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"930\">Humanistic perspective<\/strong>: Highlights the positive potential of people and emphasizes personal growth (Maslow, Rogers).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1175\"><strong data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1054\">Cognitive perspective<\/strong>: Studies internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving (Neisser, Chomsky, Piaget, Vygotsky).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1282\"><strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1204\">Biological perspective<\/strong>: Examines how genetics, brain chemistry, and physiology influence behavior.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1387\"><strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1313\">Evolutionary perspective<\/strong>: Views traits and behaviors as adaptations shaped by natural selection.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1499\"><strong data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1419\">Sociocultural perspective<\/strong>: Explores how cultural norms, social context, and environment shape behavior.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For example, imagine that a person is diagnosed with depression. Each perspective might explain it differently:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biological: Chemical imbalances in the brain.<\/li>\n<li>Evolutionary: A predisposition that once had adaptive value.<\/li>\n<li>Psychodynamic: Unresolved conflicts or unconscious processes.<\/li>\n<li>Sociocultural: Pressures from cultural norms or social environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>By using multiple perspectives, psychologists can develop a more complete understanding of behavior.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox interact\">Think about some of the various perspectives you learned about (including psychoanalysis, behaviorism, cognitive psychology, humanism, and the biological approach), and explain how an alien psychologist from another planet might explain the following human behaviors (a sample answer is provided\u2014can you think of an alternative explanation as well?):<br \/>\n1. Why do people cut or shave hair from their bodies (and why does it vary by sex, age, groups, etc.)?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q541588\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q541588\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Psychoanalysis: A psychoanalyst from another planet might explain body hair removal as a result of unconscious desires related to sexuality and aggression. According to this perspective, individuals may engage in body hair removal as a means of managing their anxieties related to these desires. For example, women may feel pressured to remove body hair in order to conform to cultural norms of beauty and femininity, while men may engage in body hair removal as a way of asserting dominance or demonstrating their masculinity.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>2. Why do children in an elementary school walk in a line when going to class?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q425875\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q425875\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Behaviorism: A behaviorist from another planet might explain the behavior of walking in a line as a result of reinforcement and conditioning. According to this perspective, children are taught to walk in a line through a process of shaping and reinforcement. Teachers may provide positive reinforcement (such as praise or a treat) when children walk in a line, and may use negative reinforcement (such as scolding or punishment) when children fail to do so. Over time, this conditioning leads to the development of the behavior.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>3. Why are people physically aggressive towards each other (and why might those who identify as male be observed to be more aggressive than those who identify as female)?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q201504\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q201504\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Biological approach: A psychologist from another planet using the biological approach might explain physical aggression as a result of genetic and physiological factors. According to this perspective, men may be more prone to physical aggression due to differences in hormone levels (such as testosterone) and brain structure. These differences may lead to a greater propensity for risk-taking and aggression, which may be further reinforced by social and cultural factors.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Which psychological perspective most resonates with you, and why?\u00a0<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">\n<div><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm3933\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=3933&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm3933&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"875\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3862 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-1024x258.png\" alt=\"APA Theme D: Psychology values diversity, promotes equity, and fosters inclusion in pursuit of a more just society.\" width=\"425\" height=\"107\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-1024x258.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-768x193.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-1200x302.png 1200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-65x16.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-225x57.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM-350x88.png 350w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153907\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.40-AM.png 1312w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/>In this section, you also learned about the doll study conducted by the Clarks in the 1940s. While racial relations today are very different than they were then, the study remains pertinent. As recently as 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/epdf\/10.1007\/s10643-020-01095-9?sharing_token=IX756mBOkHgVf77qoRhGDve4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6gXJ4j-bVjqIW_4MBOBNnC4jEIP4UnGL4JvwYeBkKKYCmQ7fNVdUUGuQOV2kz4uS2O1iRwm8xm1GvxRiTPctxvN2Zz-BDESHiAPxgfJwshcjPHkF_BOisFQ2OBvtS6mqQ=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study in a preschool<\/a> showed that two young Black girls consistently treated Black dolls less favorably than dolls with other skin colors. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h13Cvky9XoU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This video briefly summarizes that research.<\/a><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"819\">How Perspectives Might Explain the Results<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"1309\"><strong data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"836\">Behaviorism<\/strong><br data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"839\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q541599\">Show Answer<\/button><br data-start=\"892\" data-end=\"895\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"q541599\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><br data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"924\" \/><br \/>\nA behaviorist might argue that children\u2019s preferences result from <strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1040\">learning through reinforcement and observation<\/strong>. In societies where lighter skin is privileged, children may receive subtle rewards\u2014praise, approval, or positive portrayals in media\u2014for aligning with that group. Over time, these reinforcements teach children to view whiteness as more desirable.<br data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1291\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1698\"><strong data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1341\">Psychoanalytic Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1344\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q201505\">Show Answer<\/button><br data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1400\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"q201505\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><br data-start=\"1426\" data-end=\"1429\" \/><br \/>\nA psychoanalyst might suggest that children have <strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1513\">internalized unconscious biases<\/strong> from their environment. These hidden influences, absorbed through cultural messages about race and value, shape how they respond to dolls of different skin colors.<br data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1680\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"2117\"><strong data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1725\">Cognitive Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1728\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q315159\">Show Answer<\/button><br data-start=\"1781\" data-end=\"1784\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"q315159\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><br data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1813\" \/><br \/>\nA cognitive psychologist might explain the results through <strong data-start=\"1872\" data-end=\"1883\">schemas<\/strong>\u2014mental frameworks children use to organize information. If children consistently encounter messages that depict whiteness as \u201cbetter,\u201d they may form schemas that reinforce stereotypes and influence their choices.<br data-start=\"2096\" data-end=\"2099\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"2119\" data-end=\"2504\"><strong data-start=\"2119\" data-end=\"2145\">Humanistic Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"2145\" data-end=\"2148\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q315160\">Show Answer<\/button><br data-start=\"2201\" data-end=\"2204\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"q315160\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><br data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2233\" \/><br \/>\nA humanistic psychologist might focus on <strong data-start=\"2274\" data-end=\"2290\">self-concept<\/strong> and the need for <strong data-start=\"2308\" data-end=\"2327\">positive regard<\/strong>. In a society that privileges whiteness, children may come to believe they will be valued more if they align with white dolls, impacting their self-esteem.<br data-start=\"2483\" data-end=\"2486\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"3011\"><strong data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2535\">Sociocultural Perspective<\/strong><br data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2538\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q315161\">Show Answer<\/button><br data-start=\"2591\" data-end=\"2594\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"q315161\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"><br data-start=\"2620\" data-end=\"2623\" \/><br \/>\nFrom a sociocultural lens, the doll preferences reflect the powerful role of <strong data-start=\"2700\" data-end=\"2761\">societal norms, cultural messages, and historical context<\/strong>. Children internalize the idea that whiteness is the norm or the ideal, which shapes attitudes and behaviors. This perspective emphasizes how broader systems\u2014media, education, community, and history\u2014shape individual development.<br data-start=\"2990\" data-end=\"2993\" \/>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<section><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":17,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Re-examining the baby doll study and its impact\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"WKYC Channel 3\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h13Cvky9XoU&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.one.lumenlearning.com%2F&feature=emb_imp_woyt\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":335,"module-header":"apply_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"copyrighted_video","description":"Re-examining the baby doll study and its impact","author":"","organization":"WKYC Channel 3","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=h13Cvky9XoU&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.one.lumenlearning.com%2F&feature=emb_imp_woyt","project":"","license":"other","license_terms":"Standard YouTube License"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6976,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/revisions\/6976"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/335"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/324\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=324"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=324"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}