{"id":32,"date":"2023-01-19T17:09:44","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T17:09:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/2-1-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2025-10-31T15:29:04","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T15:29:04","slug":"the-scientific-method-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/the-scientific-method-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"The Scientific Method: Apply It","rendered":"The Scientific Method: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain the steps of the scientific method<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Define theory and hypothesis<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Discuss research ethics<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Thinking Like a Psychologist<\/h2>\r\n<p>Imagine that you want to conduct a study following the scientific method about\u00a0the effects of meditation on stress levels in college students.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_156\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"268\"]<img class=\" wp-image-156\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Two female students seated with their legs crossed in meditation.\" width=\"268\" height=\"402\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. How can you design a study to examine the effects of meditation on stress levels?[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Let's try it together.<\/p>\r\n<p><em>What <strong>observations<\/strong> might have led you to conduct a study about stress levels in college students?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"784271\"]Click here to reveal the sample answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"784271\"]You might observe that college students seem particularly stressed and have a lot of deadlines and responsibilities that might cause stress. You wonder about possible solutions and know that things like meditation might improve stress levels.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\r\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-iurhf-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\r\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-iurhf-1n7m0yu\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-center text-sm h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\r\n<div class=\"w-full border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 group bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\r\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 m-auto md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0\">\r\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] md:flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\r\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\r\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\r\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\r\n<p><em>What <strong>question<\/strong> could you ask to get this research started?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"525017\"]Click here to reveal the sample question answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"525017\"]Will regular meditation reduce reported stress levels in college students?[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>What might your <strong>hypothesis<\/strong> look like?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"696846\"]Click here to reveal the sample hypothesis answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"696846\"]College students who practice meditation will report lower stress levels than those who do not.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>How could you <strong>test<\/strong> your hypothesis? How would you design this as a research study?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"71885\"]Click here to reveal the sample experiment answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"71885\"]I would recruit a mixed sample of college students (from all grade levels) and randomly assign them to either a meditation group or a control group that does not do any meditation. The meditation group participants will attend a 30-minute meditation session daily, while the control group participants will not participate in any mediation. The students will be surveyed about their stress levels both before and after the six-week-long intervention.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>How would you <strong>analyze<\/strong> your data?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"183096\"]Click here to reveal the sample analysis answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"183096\"]I will analyze the results from the experiment by looking at responses to the questionnaire before and after the meditation intervention. I will also use statistical analysis to compare the changes in stress levels between the meditation group and the control group. I could also sort the data into various categories to see if there is a difference based on things like major or grade level. The goal of the analysis will be to determine if there is a relationship between meditation and stress levels.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>What <strong>conclusion<\/strong>\u00a0could you draw from your research?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"81572\"]Click here to reveal the sample conclusion answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"81572\"]If the results show that the meditation group had a significantly greater reduction in stress levels compared to the control group, then I could conclude that meditation is an effective way to reduce stress in college students.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>The Scientific Method in Action<\/h2>\r\n<p>Let's look at an example from an actual psychology lab. Psychologist David Strayer wanted to know the impact of texting on driver safety so he designed a study to find out. He had <em>observed<\/em> that people who were texting were easily distracted and less focused on the road.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox seeExample\">Watch the video below to see how Strayer utilizes the scientific method to reach important conclusions regarding technology and driving safety.\r\n\r\n<p>[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XToWVxS_9lA[\/embed]<\/p>\r\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/UnderstandingDriverDistraction.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for \"Understanding driver distraction\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Let's see how Dr. Strayer utilized the scientific method.<\/p>\r\n<p><em>What was his <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"456971\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"456971\"]He hypothesized that people who texted would have slower reaction times in dangerous driving situations.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>How did he <strong>test<\/strong> his hypothesis?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"577212\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"577212\"]He tested the hypothesis by having 40 participants get in a driving simulator. Each participant drove without texting and then again while texting with a friend.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>How was the data <strong>analyzed<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"537810\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"537810\"]The data was measured and analyzed using statistics, and the results revealed that those in the text-messaging condition had slower reaction times (though they also kept a larger distance between themselves and the other cars) and more accidents than the control condition.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><em>What was Dr. Strayer's <strong>conclusion<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>[reveal-answer q=\"580077\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]<br \/>\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"580077\"]Dr. Strayer concluded that his hypothesis was correct and that drivers who text have slower reaction times.[\/hidden-answer]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Strayer's research was published in a journal called <em>Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.\u00a0<\/em>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/appliedcognition.psych.utah.edu\/publications\/texting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read an overview of the study and results here<\/a>.<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the steps of the scientific method<\/li>\n<li>Define theory and hypothesis<\/li>\n<li>Discuss research ethics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Thinking Like a Psychologist<\/h2>\n<p>Imagine that you want to conduct a study following the scientific method about\u00a0the effects of meditation on stress levels in college students.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_156\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-156\" style=\"width: 268px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-156\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-200x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Two female students seated with their legs crossed in meditation.\" width=\"268\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-1200x1800.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-65x98.jpeg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-225x338.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1-350x525.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/01\/01202434\/2.1.1.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-156\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. How can you design a study to examine the effects of meditation on stress levels?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Let&#8217;s try it together.<\/p>\n<p><em>What <strong>observations<\/strong> might have led you to conduct a study about stress levels in college students?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q784271\">Click here to reveal the sample answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q784271\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">You might observe that college students seem particularly stressed and have a lot of deadlines and responsibilities that might cause stress. You wonder about possible solutions and know that things like meditation might improve stress levels.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-iurhf-79elbk h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-iurhf-1n7m0yu\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-col items-center text-sm h-full dark:bg-gray-800\">\n<div class=\"w-full border-b border-black\/10 dark:border-gray-900\/50 text-gray-800 dark:text-gray-100 group bg-gray-50 dark:bg-[#444654]\">\n<div class=\"text-base gap-4 md:gap-6 m-auto md:max-w-2xl lg:max-w-2xl xl:max-w-3xl p-4 md:py-6 flex lg:px-0\">\n<div class=\"relative flex w-[calc(100%-50px)] md:flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)]\">\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-4 whitespace-pre-wrap\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p><em>What <strong>question<\/strong> could you ask to get this research started?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q525017\">Click here to reveal the sample question answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q525017\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Will regular meditation reduce reported stress levels in college students?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>What might your <strong>hypothesis<\/strong> look like?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q696846\">Click here to reveal the sample hypothesis answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q696846\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">College students who practice meditation will report lower stress levels than those who do not.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>How could you <strong>test<\/strong> your hypothesis? How would you design this as a research study?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q71885\">Click here to reveal the sample experiment answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q71885\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">I would recruit a mixed sample of college students (from all grade levels) and randomly assign them to either a meditation group or a control group that does not do any meditation. The meditation group participants will attend a 30-minute meditation session daily, while the control group participants will not participate in any mediation. The students will be surveyed about their stress levels both before and after the six-week-long intervention.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>How would you <strong>analyze<\/strong> your data?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q183096\">Click here to reveal the sample analysis answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q183096\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">I will analyze the results from the experiment by looking at responses to the questionnaire before and after the meditation intervention. I will also use statistical analysis to compare the changes in stress levels between the meditation group and the control group. I could also sort the data into various categories to see if there is a difference based on things like major or grade level. The goal of the analysis will be to determine if there is a relationship between meditation and stress levels.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>What <strong>conclusion<\/strong>\u00a0could you draw from your research?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q81572\">Click here to reveal the sample conclusion answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q81572\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">If the results show that the meditation group had a significantly greater reduction in stress levels compared to the control group, then I could conclude that meditation is an effective way to reduce stress in college students.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The Scientific Method in Action<\/h2>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at an example from an actual psychology lab. Psychologist David Strayer wanted to know the impact of texting on driver safety so he designed a study to find out. He had <em>observed<\/em> that people who were texting were easily distracted and less focused on the road.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox seeExample\">Watch the video below to see how Strayer utilizes the scientific method to reach important conclusions regarding technology and driving safety.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Understanding driver distraction\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XToWVxS_9lA?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Psychology\/Transcriptions\/UnderstandingDriverDistraction.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">view the transcript for &#8220;Understanding driver distraction&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Let&#8217;s see how Dr. Strayer utilized the scientific method.<\/p>\n<p><em>What was his <strong>hypothesis<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q456971\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q456971\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">He hypothesized that people who texted would have slower reaction times in dangerous driving situations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>How did he <strong>test<\/strong> his hypothesis?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q577212\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q577212\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">He tested the hypothesis by having 40 participants get in a driving simulator. Each participant drove without texting and then again while texting with a friend.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>How was the data <strong>analyzed<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q537810\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q537810\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The data was measured and analyzed using statistics, and the results revealed that those in the text-messaging condition had slower reaction times (though they also kept a larger distance between themselves and the other cars) and more accidents than the control condition.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>What was Dr. Strayer&#8217;s <strong>conclusion<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q580077\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q580077\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Dr. Strayer concluded that his hypothesis was correct and that drivers who text have slower reaction times.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Strayer&#8217;s research was published in a journal called <em>Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.\u00a0<\/em>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/appliedcognition.psych.utah.edu\/publications\/texting.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">read an overview of the study and results here<\/a>.<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Meditating students\",\"author\":\"Mikhail 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