- \r\n\t
- Freud\u2019s psychoanalysis was seen as overly pessimistic and deterministic, focusing on unconscious drives.<\/li>\r\n\t
- Behaviorism was viewed as reductionist, reducing humans to learned behaviors determined by genetics and environment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
In response, a new approach\u2014humanism\u2014emerged, emphasizing personal control, free will, and the innate potential for good in people.<\/p>\r\n
\r\n humanism<\/h3>\r\n
An approach in psychology that highlights the inherent goodness of humans and their potential for good, the importance of personal growth, and the whole person rather than reductionist explanations.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n
\r\nHumanistic psychologists often favored qualitative methods that captured the richness of human experience. However, there are a number of quantitative (measurement-based) research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\nAbraham Maslow<\/h2>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]
![\"Maslow's](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23224433\/CNX_Psych_01_02_Maslow.jpg\")
Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Maslow's hierarchy of needs emphasizes that basic needs for food and safety need to be met before higher-level needs can serve as motivators.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAbraham Maslow (1908\u20131970)<\/strong> proposed a hierarchy of needs<\/strong> to explain motivation.<\/p>\r\n
- \r\n\t
- Basic needs (food, water, shelter, safety) must be met before higher-level needs take priority.<\/li>\r\n\t
- Higher needs include belonging, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization\u2014the process of reaching one\u2019s full potential.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
Maslow\u2019s work was influenced by his 1938 field studies with the Blackfoot Nation. Although debates remain about his interpretations, it is clear that Blackfoot knowledge and traditions informed his ideas about community, self-actualization, and human potential (Feigenbaum & Smith, 2020).<\/p>\r\n
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy<\/h2>\r\n
Carl Rogers (1902\u20131987)<\/strong> shared Maslow\u2019s belief in human potential and developed client-centered therapy<\/strong>. Unlike psychoanalysis, where the therapist interprets unconscious conflicts, Rogers placed the client in the lead role<\/strong> during sessions.<\/p>\r\n
He believed therapists must provide three core conditions for growth:<\/p>\r\n
- \r\n\t
- Unconditional positive regard<\/strong>: accepting clients without judgment.<\/li>\r\n\t
- Genuineness<\/strong>: being authentic in interactions.<\/li>\r\n\t
- Empathy<\/strong>: understanding the client\u2019s perspective.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
Rogers argued that when these are present, clients can work through their own challenges and move toward growth.<\/p>\r\n
Lasting Influence<\/h2>\r\n
Humanism reshaped psychology by emphasizing agency, personal growth, and positive potential. Both Maslow and Rogers remain highly influential, and Rogers\u2019 client-centered therapy is still widely used in counseling and psychotherapy today.<\/p>\r\n
[ohm2_question height=\"600\"]3862[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":" Humanism<\/h2>\n
During the early 20th century, psychology was dominated by behaviorism<\/strong> and psychoanalysis<\/strong>. Some psychologists, however, felt these perspectives were too limited:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Freud\u2019s psychoanalysis was seen as overly pessimistic and deterministic, focusing on unconscious drives.<\/li>\n
- Behaviorism was viewed as reductionist, reducing humans to learned behaviors determined by genetics and environment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
In response, a new approach\u2014humanism\u2014emerged, emphasizing personal control, free will, and the innate potential for good in people.<\/p>\n
\n humanism<\/h3>\n
An approach in psychology that highlights the inherent goodness of humans and their potential for good, the importance of personal growth, and the whole person rather than reductionist explanations.\u00a0<\/p>\n
\nHumanistic psychologists often favored qualitative methods that captured the richness of human experience. However, there are a number of quantitative (measurement-based) research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n
Abraham Maslow<\/h2>\n
Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasizes that basic needs for food and safety need to be met before higher-level needs can serve as motivators.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Abraham Maslow (1908\u20131970)<\/strong> proposed a hierarchy of needs<\/strong> to explain motivation.<\/p>\n
- \n
- Basic needs (food, water, shelter, safety) must be met before higher-level needs take priority.<\/li>\n
- Higher needs include belonging, esteem, and ultimately self-actualization\u2014the process of reaching one\u2019s full potential.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Maslow\u2019s work was influenced by his 1938 field studies with the Blackfoot Nation. Although debates remain about his interpretations, it is clear that Blackfoot knowledge and traditions informed his ideas about community, self-actualization, and human potential (Feigenbaum & Smith, 2020).<\/p>\n
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy<\/h2>\n
Carl Rogers (1902\u20131987)<\/strong> shared Maslow\u2019s belief in human potential and developed client-centered therapy<\/strong>. Unlike psychoanalysis, where the therapist interprets unconscious conflicts, Rogers placed the client in the lead role<\/strong> during sessions.<\/p>\n
He believed therapists must provide three core conditions for growth:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Unconditional positive regard<\/strong>: accepting clients without judgment.<\/li>\n
- Genuineness<\/strong>: being authentic in interactions.<\/li>\n
- Empathy<\/strong>: understanding the client\u2019s perspective.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Rogers argued that when these are present, clients can work through their own challenges and move toward growth.<\/p>\n
Lasting Influence<\/h2>\n
Humanism reshaped psychology by emphasizing agency, personal growth, and positive potential. Both Maslow and Rogers remain highly influential, and Rogers\u2019 client-centered therapy is still widely used in counseling and psychotherapy today.<\/p>\n
- Genuineness<\/strong>: being authentic in interactions.<\/li>\n
- Unconditional positive regard<\/strong>: accepting clients without judgment.<\/li>\n
- Genuineness<\/strong>: being authentic in interactions.<\/li>\r\n\t
- Unconditional positive regard<\/strong>: accepting clients without judgment.<\/li>\r\n\t