{"id":191,"date":"2023-02-17T22:37:16","date_gmt":"2023-02-17T22:37:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/3-3-apply-it\/"},"modified":"2023-07-07T15:17:03","modified_gmt":"2023-07-07T15:17:03","slug":"3-3-apply-it","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/3-3-apply-it\/","title":{"raw":"Studying the Brain: Apply It","rendered":"Studying the Brain: Apply It"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand how loss of function in different brain areas can help us study the brain<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the ways that brains can be imaged or scanned<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1292001795717057388\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Brain Imaging Sort\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-3857 \" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme A: Psychological science relies on empirical evidence and adapts as new data develop.\" width=\"409\" height=\"97\" \/>Read the following abstract from Lane Beckes, James A. Coan, and Karen Hasselmo's 2012 study, \"Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat.\"[footnote]Beckes, L., Coan, J. A., &amp; Hasselmo, K. (2013). Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 8(6), 670\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss046[\/footnote]\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Neurobiological investigations of empathy often support an embodied simulation account. Using <strong>functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)<\/strong>, we monitored statistical associations between brain activations indicating self-focused threat to those indicating threats to a familiar friend or an unfamiliar stranger. Results in regions such as the anterior insula, putamen and supramarginal gyrus indicate that self-focused threat activations are robustly correlated with friend-focused threat activations but not stranger-focused threat activations. These results suggest that one of the defining features of human social bonding may be increasing levels of overlap between neural representations of self and other. This article presents a novel and important methodological approach to fMRI empathy studies, which informs how differences in brain activation can be detected in such studies and how covariate approaches can provide novel and important information regarding the brain and empathy.<\/p>\r\nDid you recognize any of the concepts discussed in this module thus far? How would you summarize this work in just one sentence? To help you digest some of this complex language, paste this paragraph into an <a href=\"https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artificial Intelligence tool such as ChatGPT<\/a> and ask for a one-sentence summary.\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"4\"]<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[\/practice-area][reveal-answer q=\"885442\"]Compare your text to this response below.[\/reveal-answer][hidden-answer a=\"885442\"]This was our response from ChatGPT: Using fMRI, the study found that the brain's response to threats to a familiar friend closely mirrored its response to threats to oneself, suggesting an overlap between neural representations of self and others in empathy, which could be a defining feature of human social bonding.\r\n\r\nHere's a slightly longer explanation: this study used fMRI to examine the brain activation of people as they looked at cues and received, or were threatened with receiving, mild electric shocks while holding hands with either a friend or a stranger. The results showed the expected response\u2014brain activation in specific areas when a person was threatened with a shock. What was remarkable, however, was that people showed nearly the same brain activation when a friend was threatened with the shock, but not a stranger. This provides insight into studies on empathy, and the idea that the concept of \"self\" can expand to include others as well.[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\nAs you can see, there is a limitless amount of information that could be studied on the brain. Neuroscience is a relatively new field, but the more research that is done, the more it appears that much of human behavior and mental processes\u2014the key interests for psychological study\u2014are intimately intertwined with activity in the brain.\r\n\r\n<\/section>&nbsp;","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Understand how loss of function in different brain areas can help us study the brain<\/li>\n<li>Describe the ways that brains can be imaged or scanned<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1292001795717057388\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"Brain Imaging Sort\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3857\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM.png\" alt=\"Theme A: Psychological science relies on empirical evidence and adapts as new data develop.\" width=\"409\" height=\"97\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM.png 1316w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-300x71.png 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-1024x243.png 1024w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-768x182.png 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-1200x284.png 1200w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-65x15.png 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-225x53.png 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/29153857\/Screenshot-2023-05-29-at-11.37.23-AM-350x83.png 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" \/>Read the following abstract from Lane Beckes, James A. Coan, and Karen Hasselmo&#8217;s 2012 study, &#8220;Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Beckes, L., Coan, J. A., &amp; Hasselmo, K. (2013). Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 8(6), 670\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss046\" id=\"return-footnote-191-1\" href=\"#footnote-191-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Neurobiological investigations of empathy often support an embodied simulation account. Using <strong>functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)<\/strong>, we monitored statistical associations between brain activations indicating self-focused threat to those indicating threats to a familiar friend or an unfamiliar stranger. Results in regions such as the anterior insula, putamen and supramarginal gyrus indicate that self-focused threat activations are robustly correlated with friend-focused threat activations but not stranger-focused threat activations. These results suggest that one of the defining features of human social bonding may be increasing levels of overlap between neural representations of self and other. This article presents a novel and important methodological approach to fMRI empathy studies, which informs how differences in brain activation can be detected in such studies and how covariate approaches can provide novel and important information regarding the brain and empathy.<\/p>\n<p>Did you recognize any of the concepts discussed in this module thus far? How would you summarize this work in just one sentence? To help you digest some of this complex language, paste this paragraph into an <a href=\"https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/chatgpt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Artificial Intelligence tool such as ChatGPT<\/a> and ask for a one-sentence summary.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q885442\">Compare your text to this response below.<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q885442\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">This was our response from ChatGPT: Using fMRI, the study found that the brain&#8217;s response to threats to a familiar friend closely mirrored its response to threats to oneself, suggesting an overlap between neural representations of self and others in empathy, which could be a defining feature of human social bonding.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s a slightly longer explanation: this study used fMRI to examine the brain activation of people as they looked at cues and received, or were threatened with receiving, mild electric shocks while holding hands with either a friend or a stranger. The results showed the expected response\u2014brain activation in specific areas when a person was threatened with a shock. What was remarkable, however, was that people showed nearly the same brain activation when a friend was threatened with the shock, but not a stranger. This provides insight into studies on empathy, and the idea that the concept of &#8220;self&#8221; can expand to include others as well.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you can see, there is a limitless amount of information that could be studied on the brain. Neuroscience is a relatively new field, but the more research that is done, the more it appears that much of human behavior and mental processes\u2014the key interests for psychological study\u2014are intimately intertwined with activity in the brain.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-191-1\">Beckes, L., Coan, J. A., &amp; Hasselmo, K. (2013). Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 8(6), 670\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nss046 <a href=\"#return-footnote-191-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":19,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Split Brain mpeg1video\",\"author\":\"mrsrooboy\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8C8qu8FnuAo&feature=youtu.be\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard Youtube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"I only have half a brain\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"BBC Stories\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=f2fCY_M7Vms\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Familiarity promotes the blurring of self and other in the neural representation of threat\",\"author\":\"Lane Beckes, James A. 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