{"id":1302,"date":"2023-03-31T17:38:35","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:38:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/studying-stress\/"},"modified":"2024-04-13T13:01:32","modified_gmt":"2024-04-13T13:01:32","slug":"studying-stress","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/studying-stress\/","title":{"raw":"Stress and Illness: Learn It 1\u2014Studying Stress","rendered":"Stress and Illness: Learn It 1\u2014Studying Stress"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe the fight or flight response and general adaptation syndrome<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain what occurs in the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during stress<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe how stress impacts the functioning of the immune system<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe how stress and emotional factors can lead to the development or worsening of cardiovascular disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4773\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"215\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4773\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/26143440\/Walter_Bradford_Cannon.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Walter Cannon. He is sitting down, wearing glasses and holding a pipe.\" width=\"215\" height=\"276\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon first articulated and named the fight-or-flight response, the nervous system\u2019s sympathetic response to a significant stressor.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h2>Early Contributions to the Study of Stress<\/h2>\r\n<p>As previously stated, scientific interest in stress goes back nearly a century. One of the early pioneers in the study of stress was Walter Cannon, an eminent American physiologist at Harvard Medical School (Figure 1). In the early part of the 20th century, Cannon was the first to identify the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress.<\/p>\r\n<figure><\/figure>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Cannon and the Fight-or-Flight Response<\/h2>\r\n<p>Imagine that you are hiking in the beautiful mountains of Colorado on a warm and sunny spring day. At one point during your hike, a large, frightening-looking black bear appears from behind a stand of trees and sits about 50 yards from you. The bear notices you, sits up, and begins to lumber in your direction. In addition to thinking, \u201cThis is definitely not good,\u201d a constellation of physiological reactions begins to take place inside you. Prompted by a deluge of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from your adrenal glands, your pupils begin to dilate. Your heart starts to pound and speeds up, you begin to breathe heavily and perspire, you get butterflies in your stomach, and your muscles become tense, preparing you to take some kind of direct action. Walter Cannon called this reaction the fight-or-flight response.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>the fight-or-flight response<\/h3>\r\n<p>The <strong>fight-or-flight response <\/strong>occurs when a person experiences very strong emotions\u2014especially those associated with a perceived threat (Cannon, 1932). During the fight-or-flight response, the body is rapidly aroused by the activation of both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. This arousal helps prepare the person to either fight or flee from a perceived threat.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>According to Cannon, the fight-or-flight response is a built-in mechanism that assists in maintaining homeostasis\u2014an internal environment in which physiological variables such as blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and temperature are stabilized at levels optimal for survival. Thus, Cannon viewed the fight-or-flight response as adaptive because it enables people to adjust internally and externally to threats in their environment, allowing them to continue to be alive and overcome the threat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"671\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49142\/CNX_Psych_14_01_Fightflight.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A figure shows the basic outline of a human body and indicates the body\u2019s various responses to fight or flight, including: pupils dilate, heart rate increases, muscles tense and may tremble, respiration quickens, bronchial tubes dilate, and perspiration begins.\" width=\"671\" height=\"376\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Fight or flight is a physiological response to a stressor.[\/caption]\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome<\/h2>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"234\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49142\/CNX_Psych_14_01_Hans.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A stamp featuring Hans Selye is shown.\" width=\"234\" height=\"136\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Hans Selye specialized in research about stress. In 2009, his native Hungary honored his work with this stamp, released in conjunction with the 2nd annual World Conference on Stress.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Another important early contributor to the stress field was Hans Selye. He would eventually become one of the world\u2019s foremost experts in the study of stress. Early in his career, Hans Selye was engaged in research involving sex hormones in rats.<\/p>\r\n<p>Although he was unable to find an answer for what he was initially researching, he incidentally discovered that when exposed to prolonged negative stimulation (<strong>stressors<\/strong>)\u2014such as extreme cold, surgical injury, excessive muscular exercise, and shock\u2014the rats showed signs of adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration. Selye realized that these responses were triggered by a coordinated series of physiological reactions that unfold over time during continued exposure to a stressor. These physiological reactions were nonspecific, which means that regardless of the type of stressor, the same pattern of reactions would occur. What Selye discovered was the general adaptation syndrome, the body\u2019s nonspecific physiological response to stress.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>the general adaptation syndrome<\/h3>\r\n<p>The <strong>general adaptation syndrome<\/strong>, consists of three stages: (1) alarm reaction, (2) stage of resistance, and (3) stage of exhaustion (Selye, 1936; 1976).<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_7051\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"649\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/05212101\/7b8e075a73cce599a7fd57d981d9b1de55b759de.jpeg\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-7051\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/05212101\/7b8e075a73cce599a7fd57d981d9b1de55b759de.jpeg\" alt=\"A graph shows the three stages of Selye\u2019s general adaption syndrome: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. The x-axis represents time while the y-axis represents stress levels. The x-axis is labeled \u201cTime\u201d and the y-axis is labeled \u201cStress resistance.\u201d The graph shows that an increase in time and stress ultimately leads to exhaustion.\" width=\"649\" height=\"346\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The three stages of Selye\u2019s general adaptation syndrome are shown in this graph. Prolonged stress ultimately results in exhaustion.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Alarm reaction<\/strong> describes the body\u2019s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, and it is roughly analogous to the fight-or-flight response described by Cannon. During an alarm reaction, you are alerted to a stressor, and your body alarms you with a cascade of physiological reactions that provide you with the energy to manage the situation. A person who wakes up in the middle of the night to discover her house is on fire, for example, is experiencing an alarm reaction.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>If exposure to a stressor is prolonged, the organism will enter the <strong>stage of resistance<\/strong>. During this stage, the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor. Nevertheless, the body also remains on alert and is prepared to respond as it did during the alarm reaction, although with less intensity. For example, suppose a child who went missing is still missing 72 hours later. Although the parents would obviously remain extremely disturbed, the magnitude of physiological reactions would likely have diminished over the 72 intervening hours due to some adaptation to this event.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>If exposure to a stressor continues over a longer period of time, the <strong>stage of exhaustion<\/strong> ensues. At this stage, the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body\u2019s ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body\u2019s tissues and organs. As a result, illness, disease, and other permanent damage to the body\u2014even death\u2014may occur. If a missing child still remained missing after three months, the long-term stress associated with this situation may cause a parent to literally faint with exhaustion at some point, or even develop a serious and irreversible illness.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">In short, Selye\u2019s general adaptation syndrome suggests that stressors tax the body via a three-phase process\u2014an initial jolt, subsequent readjustment, and a later depletion of all physical resources\u2014that ultimately lays the groundwork for serious health problems and even death. It should be pointed out, however, that this model is a response-based conceptualization of stress, focusing exclusively on the body\u2019s physical responses while largely ignoring psychological factors such as appraisal and interpretation of threats. Nevertheless, Selye\u2019s model has had an enormous impact on the field of stress because it offers a general explanation for how stress can lead to physical damage and, thus, disease. As we shall discuss later, prolonged or repeated stress has been implicated in the development of a number of disorders such as hypertension and coronary artery disease.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"500\"]4536[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the fight or flight response and general adaptation syndrome<\/li>\n<li>Explain what occurs in the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during stress<\/li>\n<li>Describe how stress impacts the functioning of the immune system<\/li>\n<li>Describe how stress and emotional factors can lead to the development or worsening of cardiovascular disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4773\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4773\" style=\"width: 215px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4773\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/26143440\/Walter_Bradford_Cannon.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of Walter Cannon. He is sitting down, wearing glasses and holding a pipe.\" width=\"215\" height=\"276\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4773\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Harvard physiologist Walter Cannon first articulated and named the fight-or-flight response, the nervous system\u2019s sympathetic response to a significant stressor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Early Contributions to the Study of Stress<\/h2>\n<p>As previously stated, scientific interest in stress goes back nearly a century. One of the early pioneers in the study of stress was Walter Cannon, an eminent American physiologist at Harvard Medical School (Figure 1). In the early part of the 20th century, Cannon was the first to identify the body\u2019s physiological reactions to stress.<\/p>\n<figure><\/figure>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Cannon and the Fight-or-Flight Response<\/h2>\n<p>Imagine that you are hiking in the beautiful mountains of Colorado on a warm and sunny spring day. At one point during your hike, a large, frightening-looking black bear appears from behind a stand of trees and sits about 50 yards from you. The bear notices you, sits up, and begins to lumber in your direction. In addition to thinking, \u201cThis is definitely not good,\u201d a constellation of physiological reactions begins to take place inside you. Prompted by a deluge of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from your adrenal glands, your pupils begin to dilate. Your heart starts to pound and speeds up, you begin to breathe heavily and perspire, you get butterflies in your stomach, and your muscles become tense, preparing you to take some kind of direct action. Walter Cannon called this reaction the fight-or-flight response.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>the fight-or-flight response<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>fight-or-flight response <\/strong>occurs when a person experiences very strong emotions\u2014especially those associated with a perceived threat (Cannon, 1932). During the fight-or-flight response, the body is rapidly aroused by the activation of both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. This arousal helps prepare the person to either fight or flee from a perceived threat.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>According to Cannon, the fight-or-flight response is a built-in mechanism that assists in maintaining homeostasis\u2014an internal environment in which physiological variables such as blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and temperature are stabilized at levels optimal for survival. Thus, Cannon viewed the fight-or-flight response as adaptive because it enables people to adjust internally and externally to threats in their environment, allowing them to continue to be alive and overcome the threat.<\/p>\n<figure style=\"width: 671px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49142\/CNX_Psych_14_01_Fightflight.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A figure shows the basic outline of a human body and indicates the body\u2019s various responses to fight or flight, including: pupils dilate, heart rate increases, muscles tense and may tremble, respiration quickens, bronchial tubes dilate, and perspiration begins.\" width=\"671\" height=\"376\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Fight or flight is a physiological response to a stressor.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Selye and the General Adaptation Syndrome<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 234px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49142\/CNX_Psych_14_01_Hans.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A stamp featuring Hans Selye is shown.\" width=\"234\" height=\"136\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Hans Selye specialized in research about stress. In 2009, his native Hungary honored his work with this stamp, released in conjunction with the 2nd annual World Conference on Stress.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Another important early contributor to the stress field was Hans Selye. He would eventually become one of the world\u2019s foremost experts in the study of stress. Early in his career, Hans Selye was engaged in research involving sex hormones in rats.<\/p>\n<p>Although he was unable to find an answer for what he was initially researching, he incidentally discovered that when exposed to prolonged negative stimulation (<strong>stressors<\/strong>)\u2014such as extreme cold, surgical injury, excessive muscular exercise, and shock\u2014the rats showed signs of adrenal enlargement, thymus and lymph node shrinkage, and stomach ulceration. Selye realized that these responses were triggered by a coordinated series of physiological reactions that unfold over time during continued exposure to a stressor. These physiological reactions were nonspecific, which means that regardless of the type of stressor, the same pattern of reactions would occur. What Selye discovered was the general adaptation syndrome, the body\u2019s nonspecific physiological response to stress.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>the general adaptation syndrome<\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>general adaptation syndrome<\/strong>, consists of three stages: (1) alarm reaction, (2) stage of resistance, and (3) stage of exhaustion (Selye, 1936; 1976).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7051\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7051\" style=\"width: 649px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/05212101\/7b8e075a73cce599a7fd57d981d9b1de55b759de.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7051\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2016\/11\/05212101\/7b8e075a73cce599a7fd57d981d9b1de55b759de.jpeg\" alt=\"A graph shows the three stages of Selye\u2019s general adaption syndrome: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. The x-axis represents time while the y-axis represents stress levels. The x-axis is labeled \u201cTime\u201d and the y-axis is labeled \u201cStress resistance.\u201d The graph shows that an increase in time and stress ultimately leads to exhaustion.\" width=\"649\" height=\"346\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7051\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The three stages of Selye\u2019s general adaptation syndrome are shown in this graph. Prolonged stress ultimately results in exhaustion.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Alarm reaction<\/strong> describes the body\u2019s immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency, and it is roughly analogous to the fight-or-flight response described by Cannon. During an alarm reaction, you are alerted to a stressor, and your body alarms you with a cascade of physiological reactions that provide you with the energy to manage the situation. A person who wakes up in the middle of the night to discover her house is on fire, for example, is experiencing an alarm reaction.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If exposure to a stressor is prolonged, the organism will enter the <strong>stage of resistance<\/strong>. During this stage, the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor. Nevertheless, the body also remains on alert and is prepared to respond as it did during the alarm reaction, although with less intensity. For example, suppose a child who went missing is still missing 72 hours later. Although the parents would obviously remain extremely disturbed, the magnitude of physiological reactions would likely have diminished over the 72 intervening hours due to some adaptation to this event.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If exposure to a stressor continues over a longer period of time, the <strong>stage of exhaustion<\/strong> ensues. At this stage, the person is no longer able to adapt to the stressor: the body\u2019s ability to resist becomes depleted as physical wear takes its toll on the body\u2019s tissues and organs. As a result, illness, disease, and other permanent damage to the body\u2014even death\u2014may occur. If a missing child still remained missing after three months, the long-term stress associated with this situation may cause a parent to literally faint with exhaustion at some point, or even develop a serious and irreversible illness.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">In short, Selye\u2019s general adaptation syndrome suggests that stressors tax the body via a three-phase process\u2014an initial jolt, subsequent readjustment, and a later depletion of all physical resources\u2014that ultimately lays the groundwork for serious health problems and even death. It should be pointed out, however, that this model is a response-based conceptualization of stress, focusing exclusively on the body\u2019s physical responses while largely ignoring psychological factors such as appraisal and interpretation of threats. Nevertheless, Selye\u2019s model has had an enormous impact on the field of stress because it offers a general explanation for how stress can lead to physical damage and, thus, disease. As we shall discuss later, prolonged or repeated stress has been implicated in the development of a number of disorders such as hypertension and coronary artery disease.<\/span><\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4536\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4536&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4536&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"What is Stress?\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/14-1-what-is-stress\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Walter Cannon\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipeda\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Bradford_Cannon#\/media\/File:Walter_Bradford_Cannon.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1292,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"What is Stress?","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/14-1-what-is-stress","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"},{"type":"cc","description":"Walter Cannon","author":"","organization":"Wikipeda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Bradford_Cannon#\/media\/File:Walter_Bradford_Cannon.jpg","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1302"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6736,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1302\/revisions\/6736"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1292"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1302\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1302"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1302"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}