{"id":1298,"date":"2023-03-31T17:38:33","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:38:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/stressors\/"},"modified":"2025-10-06T13:50:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T13:50:06","slug":"stressors","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/stressors\/","title":{"raw":"Defining Stress: Learn It 3\u2014Stressors","rendered":"Defining Stress: Learn It 3\u2014Stressors"},"content":{"raw":"<p>For an individual to experience stress, they must first encounter a potential stressor. In general, stressors can be placed into one of two broad categories: chronic and acute.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>chronic and acute stressors<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Chronic stressors<\/strong> include events that persist over an extended period of time, such as caring for a parent with dementia, long-term unemployment, or imprisonment.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Acute stressors<\/strong> involve brief focal events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended, such as falling on an icy sidewalk and breaking your leg (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, &amp; Miller, 2007).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Whether chronic or acute, potential stressors come in many shapes and sizes. They can include major traumatic events, significant life changes, daily hassles, as well as other situations in which a person is regularly exposed to threat, challenge, or danger.<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Traumatic Events<\/h2>\r\n<p>Some stressors involve traumatic events or situations in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death or serious injury. Stressors in this category include: exposure to military combat, threatened or actual physical assaults (e.g., physical attacks, sexual assault, robbery, childhood abuse), terrorist attacks, natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes), and automobile accidents.<\/p>\r\n<p>Men, non-White people, and individuals in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups report experiencing a greater number of traumatic events than do women, White people, and individuals in higher SES groups (Hatch &amp; Dohrenwend, 2007).<\/p>\r\n<p>Some individuals who are exposed to stressors of extreme magnitude develop <strong>post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)<\/strong>: a chronic stress reaction characterized by experiences and behaviors that may include intrusive and painful memories of the stressor event, jumpiness, persistent negative emotional states, detachment from others, angry outbursts, and avoidance of reminders of the event (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Life Changes<\/h2>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"377\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49145\/CNX_Psych_14_02_Moving.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A photo shows a person next to the back of a moving truck unloading furniture.\" width=\"377\" height=\"283\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Some fairly typical life events, such as moving, can be significant stressors. Even when the move is intentional and positive, the amount of resulting change in daily life can cause stress. (credit: \"Jellaluna\"\/Flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Most stressors that we encounter are not nearly as intense as the ones described above. Many potential stressors we face involve events or situations that require us to make changes in our ongoing lives and require time as we adjust to those changes. Examples include death of a close family member, marriage, divorce, and moving.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the 1960s, psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe wanted to examine the link between life stressors and physical illness, based on the hypothesis that life events requiring significant changes in a person\u2019s normal life routines are stressful, whether these events are desirable or undesirable. They developed the <strong>Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)<\/strong>, consisting of 43 life events that require varying degrees of personal readjustment (Holmes &amp; Rahe, 1967). Many life events that most people would consider pleasant (e.g., holidays, retirement, marriage) are among those listed on the SRRS; these are examples of eustress. Holmes and Rahe also proposed that life events can add up over time, and that experiencing a cluster of stressful events increases one\u2019s risk of developing physical illnesses.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3><strong>The Social Readjustment Rating Scale<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p>In developing their scale, Holmes and Rahe asked 394 participants to provide a numerical estimate for each of the 43 items; each estimate corresponded to how much readjustment participants felt each event would require. These estimates resulted in mean value scores for each event\u2014often called life change units (LCUs) (Rahe, McKeen, &amp; Arthur, 1967). The numerical scores ranged from 11 to 100, representing the perceived magnitude of life change each event entails.<\/p>\r\n<table summary=\"A table shows life change units for different life events. The first column of the first row is labeled \u201clife event,\u201d and the second column is labeled \u201clife change units. Beginning in row two, death of a close family member is 63 life change units, personal injury or illness is 53 life change units, dismissal from work is 47 life change units, change in financial state is 38 life change units, change to different line of work is 36 life change units, outstanding personal achievement is 28 life change units, beginning or ending school is 26 life change units, change in living conditions is 25 life change units, change in working hours or conditions is 20 life change units, change in residence is 20 life change units, change in schools is 20 life change units, change in social activities is 18 life change units, change in sleeping habits is 16 life change units, change in eating habits is 15 life change units, and minor violation of law is 11 life change units.\">\r\n<caption>Table 1. Some Stressors on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes &amp; Rahe, 1967)<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Life event<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Life change units<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Death of a close family member<\/td>\r\n<td>63<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Personal injury or illness<\/td>\r\n<td>53<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Dismissal from work<\/td>\r\n<td>47<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in financial state<\/td>\r\n<td>38<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change to different line of work<\/td>\r\n<td>36<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Outstanding personal achievement<\/td>\r\n<td>28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Beginning or ending school<\/td>\r\n<td>26<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in living conditions<\/td>\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in working hours or conditions<\/td>\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in residence<\/td>\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in schools<\/td>\r\n<td>20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in social activities<\/td>\r\n<td>18<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in sleeping habits<\/td>\r\n<td>16<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Change in eating habits<\/td>\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Minor violation of the law<\/td>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Death of a spouse ranked highest on the scale with 100 LCUs, and divorce ranked second highest with 73 LCUs. In addition, personal injury or illness, marriage, and job termination also ranked highly on the scale with 53, 50, and 47 LCUs, respectively. Conversely, change in residence (20 LCUs), change in eating habits (15 LCUs), and vacation (13 LCUs) ranked low on the scale (Table 1). Minor violations of the law ranked the lowest with 11 LCUs. To complete the scale, participants checked yes for events experienced within the last 12 months. LCUs for each checked item are totaled for a score quantifying the amount of life change. Agreement on the amount of adjustment required by the various life events on the SRRS is highly consistent, even cross-culturally (Holmes &amp; Masuda, 1974).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Life Changes Can Lead to Health Problems<\/h2>\r\n<p>Extensive research has demonstrated that accumulating a high number of life change units within a brief period of time (one or two years) is related to a wide range of physical illnesses (even accidents and athletic injuries) and mental health problems (Monat &amp; Lazarus, 1991; Scully, Tosi, &amp; Banning, 2000). In an early demonstration, researchers obtained LCU scores for U.S. and Norwegian Navy personnel who were about to embark on a six-month voyage. A later examination of medical records revealed positive (but small) correlations between LCU scores prior to the voyage and subsequent illness symptoms during the ensuing six-month journey (Rahe, 1974). In addition, people tend to experience more physical symptoms, such as backache, upset stomach, diarrhea, and acne, on specific days in which self-reported LCU values are considerably higher than normal, such as the day of a family member\u2019s wedding (Holmes &amp; Holmes, 1970).<\/p>\r\n<h2>Evaluating the SRRS<\/h2>\r\n<p>The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) provides researchers a simple, easy-to-administer way of assessing the amount of stress in people\u2019s lives, and it has been used in hundreds of studies (Thoits, 2010). Despite its widespread use, the scale has been subject to criticism. First, many of the items on the SRRS are vague; for example, death of a close friend could involve the death of a long-absent childhood friend that requires little social readjustment (Dohrenwend, 2006). In addition, some have challenged its assumption that undesirable life events are no more stressful than desirable ones (Derogatis &amp; Coons, 1993). <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nHowever, most of the available evidence suggests that, at least as far as mental health is concerned, undesirable or negative events are more strongly associated with poor outcomes (such as depression) than are desirable, positive events (Hatch &amp; Dohrenwend, 2007). Perhaps the most serious criticism is that the scale does not take into consideration respondents\u2019 appraisals of the life events it contains. As you recall, appraisal of a stressor is a key element in the conceptualization and overall experience of stress. Being fired from work may be devastating to some but a welcome opportunity to obtain a better job for others. The SRRS remains one of the most well-known instruments in the study of stress, and it is a useful tool for identifying potential stress-related health outcomes (Scully et al., 2000).<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Go to this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stress.org\/self-assessments\/holmes-rahe-life-stress-inventory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">site to complete the SRRS scale<\/a> and determine the total number of LCUs you have experienced over the last year.<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<h3>Correlational Research<\/h3>\r\n<p>The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) uses the correlational research method to identify the connection between stress and health. That is, respondents\u2019 LCU scores are correlated with the number or frequency of self-reported symptoms indicating health problems. These correlations are typically positive\u2014as LCU scores increase, the number of symptoms increase.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nConsider all the thousands of studies that have used this scale to correlate stress and illness symptoms: If you were to assign an average correlation coefficient to this body of research, what would be your best guess? How strong do you think the correlation coefficient would be? Why can\u2019t the SRRS show a causal relationship between stress and illness? If it were possible to show causation, do you think stress causes illness or illness causes stress?<\/p>\r\n<p>Suppose you want to design a study to examine the relationship between stress and illness, but you cannot use the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. How would you go about measuring stress? How would you measure illness? What would you need to do in order to tell if there is a cause-effect relationship between stress and illness?<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"700\"]4534[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<p>For an individual to experience stress, they must first encounter a potential stressor. In general, stressors can be placed into one of two broad categories: chronic and acute.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>chronic and acute stressors<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Chronic stressors<\/strong> include events that persist over an extended period of time, such as caring for a parent with dementia, long-term unemployment, or imprisonment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acute stressors<\/strong> involve brief focal events that sometimes continue to be experienced as overwhelming well after the event has ended, such as falling on an icy sidewalk and breaking your leg (Cohen, Janicki-Deverts, &amp; Miller, 2007).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>Whether chronic or acute, potential stressors come in many shapes and sizes. They can include major traumatic events, significant life changes, daily hassles, as well as other situations in which a person is regularly exposed to threat, challenge, or danger.<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Traumatic Events<\/h2>\n<p>Some stressors involve traumatic events or situations in which a person is exposed to actual or threatened death or serious injury. Stressors in this category include: exposure to military combat, threatened or actual physical assaults (e.g., physical attacks, sexual assault, robbery, childhood abuse), terrorist attacks, natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes), and automobile accidents.<\/p>\n<p>Men, non-White people, and individuals in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups report experiencing a greater number of traumatic events than do women, White people, and individuals in higher SES groups (Hatch &amp; Dohrenwend, 2007).<\/p>\n<p>Some individuals who are exposed to stressors of extreme magnitude develop <strong>post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)<\/strong>: a chronic stress reaction characterized by experiences and behaviors that may include intrusive and painful memories of the stressor event, jumpiness, persistent negative emotional states, detachment from others, angry outbursts, and avoidance of reminders of the event (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Life Changes<\/h2>\n<figure style=\"width: 377px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/ospsych\/m49145\/CNX_Psych_14_02_Moving.jpg#fixme\" alt=\"A photo shows a person next to the back of a moving truck unloading furniture.\" width=\"377\" height=\"283\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Some fairly typical life events, such as moving, can be significant stressors. Even when the move is intentional and positive, the amount of resulting change in daily life can cause stress. (credit: &#8220;Jellaluna&#8221;\/Flickr)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Most stressors that we encounter are not nearly as intense as the ones described above. Many potential stressors we face involve events or situations that require us to make changes in our ongoing lives and require time as we adjust to those changes. Examples include death of a close family member, marriage, divorce, and moving.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1960s, psychiatrists Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe wanted to examine the link between life stressors and physical illness, based on the hypothesis that life events requiring significant changes in a person\u2019s normal life routines are stressful, whether these events are desirable or undesirable. They developed the <strong>Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)<\/strong>, consisting of 43 life events that require varying degrees of personal readjustment (Holmes &amp; Rahe, 1967). Many life events that most people would consider pleasant (e.g., holidays, retirement, marriage) are among those listed on the SRRS; these are examples of eustress. Holmes and Rahe also proposed that life events can add up over time, and that experiencing a cluster of stressful events increases one\u2019s risk of developing physical illnesses.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3><strong>The Social Readjustment Rating Scale<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>In developing their scale, Holmes and Rahe asked 394 participants to provide a numerical estimate for each of the 43 items; each estimate corresponded to how much readjustment participants felt each event would require. These estimates resulted in mean value scores for each event\u2014often called life change units (LCUs) (Rahe, McKeen, &amp; Arthur, 1967). The numerical scores ranged from 11 to 100, representing the perceived magnitude of life change each event entails.<\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table shows life change units for different life events. The first column of the first row is labeled \u201clife event,\u201d and the second column is labeled \u201clife change units. Beginning in row two, death of a close family member is 63 life change units, personal injury or illness is 53 life change units, dismissal from work is 47 life change units, change in financial state is 38 life change units, change to different line of work is 36 life change units, outstanding personal achievement is 28 life change units, beginning or ending school is 26 life change units, change in living conditions is 25 life change units, change in working hours or conditions is 20 life change units, change in residence is 20 life change units, change in schools is 20 life change units, change in social activities is 18 life change units, change in sleeping habits is 16 life change units, change in eating habits is 15 life change units, and minor violation of law is 11 life change units.\">\n<caption>Table 1. Some Stressors on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes &amp; Rahe, 1967)<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Life event<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Life change units<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Death of a close family member<\/td>\n<td>63<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Personal injury or illness<\/td>\n<td>53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Dismissal from work<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in financial state<\/td>\n<td>38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change to different line of work<\/td>\n<td>36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Outstanding personal achievement<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beginning or ending school<\/td>\n<td>26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in living conditions<\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in working hours or conditions<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in residence<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in schools<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in social activities<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in sleeping habits<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Change in eating habits<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Minor violation of the law<\/td>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Death of a spouse ranked highest on the scale with 100 LCUs, and divorce ranked second highest with 73 LCUs. In addition, personal injury or illness, marriage, and job termination also ranked highly on the scale with 53, 50, and 47 LCUs, respectively. Conversely, change in residence (20 LCUs), change in eating habits (15 LCUs), and vacation (13 LCUs) ranked low on the scale (Table 1). Minor violations of the law ranked the lowest with 11 LCUs. To complete the scale, participants checked yes for events experienced within the last 12 months. LCUs for each checked item are totaled for a score quantifying the amount of life change. Agreement on the amount of adjustment required by the various life events on the SRRS is highly consistent, even cross-culturally (Holmes &amp; Masuda, 1974).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Life Changes Can Lead to Health Problems<\/h2>\n<p>Extensive research has demonstrated that accumulating a high number of life change units within a brief period of time (one or two years) is related to a wide range of physical illnesses (even accidents and athletic injuries) and mental health problems (Monat &amp; Lazarus, 1991; Scully, Tosi, &amp; Banning, 2000). In an early demonstration, researchers obtained LCU scores for U.S. and Norwegian Navy personnel who were about to embark on a six-month voyage. A later examination of medical records revealed positive (but small) correlations between LCU scores prior to the voyage and subsequent illness symptoms during the ensuing six-month journey (Rahe, 1974). In addition, people tend to experience more physical symptoms, such as backache, upset stomach, diarrhea, and acne, on specific days in which self-reported LCU values are considerably higher than normal, such as the day of a family member\u2019s wedding (Holmes &amp; Holmes, 1970).<\/p>\n<h2>Evaluating the SRRS<\/h2>\n<p>The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) provides researchers a simple, easy-to-administer way of assessing the amount of stress in people\u2019s lives, and it has been used in hundreds of studies (Thoits, 2010). Despite its widespread use, the scale has been subject to criticism. First, many of the items on the SRRS are vague; for example, death of a close friend could involve the death of a long-absent childhood friend that requires little social readjustment (Dohrenwend, 2006). In addition, some have challenged its assumption that undesirable life events are no more stressful than desirable ones (Derogatis &amp; Coons, 1993). <\/p>\n<p>However, most of the available evidence suggests that, at least as far as mental health is concerned, undesirable or negative events are more strongly associated with poor outcomes (such as depression) than are desirable, positive events (Hatch &amp; Dohrenwend, 2007). Perhaps the most serious criticism is that the scale does not take into consideration respondents\u2019 appraisals of the life events it contains. As you recall, appraisal of a stressor is a key element in the conceptualization and overall experience of stress. Being fired from work may be devastating to some but a welcome opportunity to obtain a better job for others. The SRRS remains one of the most well-known instruments in the study of stress, and it is a useful tool for identifying potential stress-related health outcomes (Scully et al., 2000).<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\">Go to this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stress.org\/self-assessments\/holmes-rahe-life-stress-inventory\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">site to complete the SRRS scale<\/a> and determine the total number of LCUs you have experienced over the last year.<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<h3>Correlational Research<\/h3>\n<p>The Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) uses the correlational research method to identify the connection between stress and health. That is, respondents\u2019 LCU scores are correlated with the number or frequency of self-reported symptoms indicating health problems. These correlations are typically positive\u2014as LCU scores increase, the number of symptoms increase.<\/p>\n<p>Consider all the thousands of studies that have used this scale to correlate stress and illness symptoms: If you were to assign an average correlation coefficient to this body of research, what would be your best guess? How strong do you think the correlation coefficient would be? Why can\u2019t the SRRS show a causal relationship between stress and illness? If it were possible to show causation, do you think stress causes illness or illness causes stress?<\/p>\n<p>Suppose you want to design a study to examine the relationship between stress and illness, but you cannot use the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. How would you go about measuring stress? How would you measure illness? What would you need to do in order to tell if there is a cause-effect relationship between stress and illness?<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Connect the Concepts\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4534\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4534&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4534&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"700\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Stressors\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/14-2-stressors\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1292,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Stressors","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/14-2-stressors","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1298"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6997,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1298\/revisions\/6997"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1292"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1298\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1298"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1298"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}