{"id":1251,"date":"2023-03-31T17:38:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:38:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/antisocial-personality-disorder\/"},"modified":"2026-01-20T16:09:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T16:09:47","slug":"antisocial-personality-disorder","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/antisocial-personality-disorder\/","title":{"raw":"Personality Disorders: Learn It 3\u2014Antisocial Personality Disorder","rendered":"Personality Disorders: Learn It 3\u2014Antisocial Personality Disorder"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Most people learn early that other people have rights and feelings, and that choices like lying, cheating, stealing, or hurting others have consequences. <span class=\"s1\">Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)<\/span> involves a long-term pattern of behavior in which those social rules are repeatedly ignored or violated. The key issue isn\u2019t \u201cbeing a bad person\u201d\u2014it\u2019s a persistent pattern of <span class=\"s1\">disregard for others\u2019 rights and safety<\/span>, often alongside impulsivity and poor responsibility.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>antisocial personality disorder<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">In the DSM-5-TR, ASPD is defined by a <span class=\"s1\"><b>pervasive pattern<\/b><\/span> (across many situations) of violating others\u2019 rights, beginning in adolescence and continuing into adulthood. Common features include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Repeated rule-breaking or illegal behavior<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Deceitfulness<\/span>, such as lying, using aliases, or conning others for personal gain<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Impulsivity<\/span> or poor planning<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Irritability and aggressiveness<\/span>, including frequent fights or assaults<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Reckless disregard for safety<span class=\"s1\"> of self or others<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Chronic irresponsibility<\/span>, such as repeatedly failing to work consistently or honor financial obligations<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Lack of remorse<\/span>, such as being indifferent to\u2014or rationalizing\u2014having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from someone<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A diagnosis requires the person to be <span class=\"s1\">at least 18 years old<\/span>, and there must be evidence of <span class=\"s1\">conduct problems before age 15<\/span> (often described as <i>conduct disorder<\/i> symptoms). This matters because clinicians look for a long-standing pattern\u2014not a single incident or a short \u201crough period.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\">A useful way to conceptualize antisocial personality disorder is by boiling the diagnosis down to three major concepts: disinhibition, boldness, and meanness (Patrick, Fowles, &amp; Krueger, 2009).\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong>Disinhibition<\/strong> is a propensity toward impulse control problems, lack of planning and forethought, insistence on immediate gratification, and inability to restrain behavior.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Boldness<\/strong> describes a tendency to remain calm in threatening situations, high self-assurance, a sense of dominance, and a tendency toward thrill-seeking.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong>Meanness<\/strong> is defined as \u201caggressive resource seeking without regard for others,\u201d and is signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for and lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty (Patrick et al., 2009, p. 913).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>Not every person with ASPD shows all three traits strongly. That\u2019s one reason people with the same diagnosis can look very different from one another.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"1200\"]4490[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Risk Factors for Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/h2>\r\n<p>Antisocial personality disorder is observed in about 3.6% of the population; the disorder is much more common among males, with a 3 to 1 ratio of men to women, and it is more likely to occur in men who are younger, widowed, separated, divorced, of lower socioeconomic status, who live in urban areas, and who live in the western United States (Compton, Conway, Stinson, Colliver, &amp; Grant, 2005). Compared to men with antisocial personality disorder, women with the disorder are more likely to have experienced emotional neglect and sexual abuse during childhood, and they are more likely to have had parents who abused substances and who engaged in antisocial behaviors themselves (Alegria et al., 2013).<\/p>\r\n<p>The table below\u00a0shows some of the differences in the specific types of antisocial behaviors that men and women with antisocial personality disorder exhibit (Alegria et al., 2013).<\/p>\r\n<table summary=\"A table lists gender differences in antisocial personality disorder. Men with this condition tend to do things that could easily hurt themselves or others, receive three or more traffic tickets for reckless driving, have their driver\u2019s license suspended, destroy others\u2019 property, start a fire on purpose, make money illegally, do anything that could lead to arrest, hit someone hard enough to injure them, and hurt an animal on purpose. Women with this condition tend to run away from home overnight, frequently miss school or work, lie frequently, forge someone\u2019s signature, get into a fight that comes to blows with an intimate partner, live with others besides the family for at least one month, and harass, threaten, or blackmail someone.\">\r\n<caption>Table 1. Gender Differences in Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Men with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than women with antisocial personality disorder to:<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Women with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than men with antisocial personality to:<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>do things that could easily hurt themselves or others<\/li>\r\n\t<li>receive three or more traffic tickets for reckless driving<\/li>\r\n\t<li>have their driver\u2019s license suspended<\/li>\r\n\t<li>destroy others\u2019 property<\/li>\r\n\t<li>start a fire on purpose<\/li>\r\n\t<li>make money illegally<\/li>\r\n\t<li>do anything that could lead to arrest<\/li>\r\n\t<li>hit someone hard enough to injure them<\/li>\r\n\t<li>hurt an animal on purpose<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>run away from home overnight<\/li>\r\n\t<li>frequently miss school or work<\/li>\r\n\t<li>lie frequently<\/li>\r\n\t<li>forge someone\u2019s signature<\/li>\r\n\t<li>get into a fight that comes to blows with an intimate partner<\/li>\r\n\t<li>live with others besides the family for at least one month<\/li>\r\n\t<li>harass, threaten, or blackmail someone<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of antisocial personality disorder, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness) (Baker, Bezdjian, &amp; Raine, 2006). Personality and temperament dimensions that are related to this disorder, including fearlessness, impulsive antisociality, and callousness, have a substantial genetic influence (Livesley &amp; Jang, 2008). Adoption studies clearly demonstrate that the development of antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction of genetic factors and adverse environmental circumstances (Rhee &amp; Waldman, 2002).<\/p>\r\n<p>For example, one investigation found that adoptees of biological parents with antisocial personality disorder were more likely to exhibit adolescent and adult antisocial behaviors if they were raised in adverse adoptive family environments (e.g., adoptive parents had marital problems, were divorced, used drugs, and had legal problems) than if they were raised in a more normal adoptive environment (Cadoret, Yates, Ed, Woodworth, &amp; Stewart, 1995).<\/p>\r\n<p>Researchers who are interested in the importance of the environment in the development of antisocial personality disorder have directed their attention to such factors as the community, the structure and functioning of the family, and peer groups. Each of these factors influences the likelihood of antisocial behavior. One longitudinal investigation of more than 800 Seattle-area youth measured risk factors for violence at 10, 14, 16, and 18 years of age (Herrenkohl et al., 2000). The risk factors examined included those involving the family, peers, and community. A portion of the findings from this study are provided in Figure 1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6455\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"731\"]<img class=\"wp-image-6455 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn.jpg\" alt=\"Access alternative text for this image by clicking the link in the image caption.\" width=\"731\" height=\"973\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Longitudinal studies have helped to identify risk factors for predicting violent behavior. You can find the <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UGKB7eZo0ezFOZ4mZfGj5hvwDMDbRWo8Iep5CqtpAZI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alternative text for Risk Factors During Adolescence That Predict Later Violence here.<\/a>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p>Those with antisocial tendencies do not seem to experience emotions the way most other people do. These individuals fail to show fear in response to environmental cues that signal punishment, pain, or noxious stimulation. For instance, they show less skin conductance (sweatiness on hands) in anticipation of electric shock than do people without antisocial tendencies (Hare, 1965). Skin conductance is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and is used to assess autonomic nervous system functioning. When the sympathetic nervous system is active, people become aroused and anxious, and sweat gland activity increases. Thus, increased sweat gland activity, as assessed through skin conductance, is taken as a sign of arousal or anxiety. For those with antisocial personality disorder, a lack of skin conductance may indicate the presence of characteristics such as emotional deficits and impulsivity that underlie the propensity for antisocial behavior and negative social relationships (Fung et al., 2005).<\/p>\r\n<p>While emotional deficits may contribute to antisocial personality disorder, so too might an inability to relate to others\u2019 pain. In one study, 80 prisoners were shown photos of people being intentionally hurt by others (e.g., someone crushing a person\u2019s hand in an automobile door) while undergoing brain imaging (Decety, Skelly, &amp; Kiehl, 2013). Prisoners who scored high on a test of antisocial tendencies showed significantly less activation in brain regions involved in the experience of empathy and feeling concerned for others than did prisoners with low scores on the antisocial test. Notably, the prisoners who scored high on the antisocial test showed greater activation in a brain area involved self-awareness, cognitive function, and interpersonal experience. The investigators suggested that the heightened activation in this region when watching social interactions involving one person harming another may reflect a propensity or desire for this kind of behavior.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"400\"]11875[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Most people learn early that other people have rights and feelings, and that choices like lying, cheating, stealing, or hurting others have consequences. <span class=\"s1\">Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)<\/span> involves a long-term pattern of behavior in which those social rules are repeatedly ignored or violated. The key issue isn\u2019t \u201cbeing a bad person\u201d\u2014it\u2019s a persistent pattern of <span class=\"s1\">disregard for others\u2019 rights and safety<\/span>, often alongside impulsivity and poor responsibility.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>antisocial personality disorder<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">In the DSM-5-TR, ASPD is defined by a <span class=\"s1\"><b>pervasive pattern<\/b><\/span> (across many situations) of violating others\u2019 rights, beginning in adolescence and continuing into adulthood. Common features include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Repeated rule-breaking or illegal behavior<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Deceitfulness<\/span>, such as lying, using aliases, or conning others for personal gain<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Impulsivity<\/span> or poor planning<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Irritability and aggressiveness<\/span>, including frequent fights or assaults<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Reckless disregard for safety<span class=\"s1\"> of self or others<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Chronic irresponsibility<\/span>, such as repeatedly failing to work consistently or honor financial obligations<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Lack of remorse<\/span>, such as being indifferent to\u2014or rationalizing\u2014having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from someone<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">A diagnosis requires the person to be <span class=\"s1\">at least 18 years old<\/span>, and there must be evidence of <span class=\"s1\">conduct problems before age 15<\/span> (often described as <i>conduct disorder<\/i> symptoms). This matters because clinicians look for a long-standing pattern\u2014not a single incident or a short \u201crough period.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\">A useful way to conceptualize antisocial personality disorder is by boiling the diagnosis down to three major concepts: disinhibition, boldness, and meanness (Patrick, Fowles, &amp; Krueger, 2009).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Disinhibition<\/strong> is a propensity toward impulse control problems, lack of planning and forethought, insistence on immediate gratification, and inability to restrain behavior.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Boldness<\/strong> describes a tendency to remain calm in threatening situations, high self-assurance, a sense of dominance, and a tendency toward thrill-seeking.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Meanness<\/strong> is defined as \u201caggressive resource seeking without regard for others,\u201d and is signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for and lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty (Patrick et al., 2009, p. 913).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Not every person with ASPD shows all three traits strongly. That\u2019s one reason people with the same diagnosis can look very different from one another.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4490\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4490&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4490&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1200\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"2\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Risk Factors for Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/h2>\n<p>Antisocial personality disorder is observed in about 3.6% of the population; the disorder is much more common among males, with a 3 to 1 ratio of men to women, and it is more likely to occur in men who are younger, widowed, separated, divorced, of lower socioeconomic status, who live in urban areas, and who live in the western United States (Compton, Conway, Stinson, Colliver, &amp; Grant, 2005). Compared to men with antisocial personality disorder, women with the disorder are more likely to have experienced emotional neglect and sexual abuse during childhood, and they are more likely to have had parents who abused substances and who engaged in antisocial behaviors themselves (Alegria et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<p>The table below\u00a0shows some of the differences in the specific types of antisocial behaviors that men and women with antisocial personality disorder exhibit (Alegria et al., 2013).<\/p>\n<table summary=\"A table lists gender differences in antisocial personality disorder. Men with this condition tend to do things that could easily hurt themselves or others, receive three or more traffic tickets for reckless driving, have their driver\u2019s license suspended, destroy others\u2019 property, start a fire on purpose, make money illegally, do anything that could lead to arrest, hit someone hard enough to injure them, and hurt an animal on purpose. Women with this condition tend to run away from home overnight, frequently miss school or work, lie frequently, forge someone\u2019s signature, get into a fight that comes to blows with an intimate partner, live with others besides the family for at least one month, and harass, threaten, or blackmail someone.\">\n<caption>Table 1. Gender Differences in Antisocial Personality Disorder<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Men with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than women with antisocial personality disorder to:<\/strong><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\"><strong>Women with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than men with antisocial personality to:<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>do things that could easily hurt themselves or others<\/li>\n<li>receive three or more traffic tickets for reckless driving<\/li>\n<li>have their driver\u2019s license suspended<\/li>\n<li>destroy others\u2019 property<\/li>\n<li>start a fire on purpose<\/li>\n<li>make money illegally<\/li>\n<li>do anything that could lead to arrest<\/li>\n<li>hit someone hard enough to injure them<\/li>\n<li>hurt an animal on purpose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>run away from home overnight<\/li>\n<li>frequently miss school or work<\/li>\n<li>lie frequently<\/li>\n<li>forge someone\u2019s signature<\/li>\n<li>get into a fight that comes to blows with an intimate partner<\/li>\n<li>live with others besides the family for at least one month<\/li>\n<li>harass, threaten, or blackmail someone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of antisocial personality disorder, as well as general antisocial behavior (criminality, violence, aggressiveness) (Baker, Bezdjian, &amp; Raine, 2006). Personality and temperament dimensions that are related to this disorder, including fearlessness, impulsive antisociality, and callousness, have a substantial genetic influence (Livesley &amp; Jang, 2008). Adoption studies clearly demonstrate that the development of antisocial behavior is determined by the interaction of genetic factors and adverse environmental circumstances (Rhee &amp; Waldman, 2002).<\/p>\n<p>For example, one investigation found that adoptees of biological parents with antisocial personality disorder were more likely to exhibit adolescent and adult antisocial behaviors if they were raised in adverse adoptive family environments (e.g., adoptive parents had marital problems, were divorced, used drugs, and had legal problems) than if they were raised in a more normal adoptive environment (Cadoret, Yates, Ed, Woodworth, &amp; Stewart, 1995).<\/p>\n<p>Researchers who are interested in the importance of the environment in the development of antisocial personality disorder have directed their attention to such factors as the community, the structure and functioning of the family, and peer groups. Each of these factors influences the likelihood of antisocial behavior. One longitudinal investigation of more than 800 Seattle-area youth measured risk factors for violence at 10, 14, 16, and 18 years of age (Herrenkohl et al., 2000). The risk factors examined included those involving the family, peers, and community. A portion of the findings from this study are provided in Figure 1.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6455\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6455\" style=\"width: 731px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6455 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn.jpg\" alt=\"Access alternative text for this image by clicking the link in the image caption.\" width=\"731\" height=\"973\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn.jpg 731w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn-225x299.jpg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn-65x87.jpg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2023\/03\/03133610\/CNX_Psych_15_10_Riskfactorn-350x466.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6455\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Longitudinal studies have helped to identify risk factors for predicting violent behavior. You can find the <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UGKB7eZo0ezFOZ4mZfGj5hvwDMDbRWo8Iep5CqtpAZI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alternative text for Risk Factors During Adolescence That Predict Later Violence here.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Those with antisocial tendencies do not seem to experience emotions the way most other people do. These individuals fail to show fear in response to environmental cues that signal punishment, pain, or noxious stimulation. For instance, they show less skin conductance (sweatiness on hands) in anticipation of electric shock than do people without antisocial tendencies (Hare, 1965). Skin conductance is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system and is used to assess autonomic nervous system functioning. When the sympathetic nervous system is active, people become aroused and anxious, and sweat gland activity increases. Thus, increased sweat gland activity, as assessed through skin conductance, is taken as a sign of arousal or anxiety. For those with antisocial personality disorder, a lack of skin conductance may indicate the presence of characteristics such as emotional deficits and impulsivity that underlie the propensity for antisocial behavior and negative social relationships (Fung et al., 2005).<\/p>\n<p>While emotional deficits may contribute to antisocial personality disorder, so too might an inability to relate to others\u2019 pain. In one study, 80 prisoners were shown photos of people being intentionally hurt by others (e.g., someone crushing a person\u2019s hand in an automobile door) while undergoing brain imaging (Decety, Skelly, &amp; Kiehl, 2013). Prisoners who scored high on a test of antisocial tendencies showed significantly less activation in brain regions involved in the experience of empathy and feeling concerned for others than did prisoners with low scores on the antisocial test. Notably, the prisoners who scored high on the antisocial test showed greater activation in a brain area involved self-awareness, cognitive function, and interpersonal experience. The investigators suggested that the heightened activation in this region when watching social interactions involving one person harming another may reflect a propensity or desire for this kind of behavior.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm11875\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=11875&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm11875&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"400\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":29,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Personality\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-11-personality-disorders\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1222,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Personality","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-11-personality-disorders","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1251"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7590,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1251\/revisions\/7590"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1222"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1251\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1251"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1251"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1251"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}