{"id":1244,"date":"2023-03-31T17:38:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/schizophrenia\/"},"modified":"2026-01-20T15:02:17","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T15:02:17","slug":"schizophrenia","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/schizophrenia\/","title":{"raw":"Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014Schizophrenia","rendered":"Schizophrenia and Related Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014Schizophrenia"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe schizophrenia and categorize its symptoms<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe\u00a0genetic, biological, and environmental factors that are associated with the development of schizophrenia<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify and differentiate the symptoms and potential causes of various dissociative disorders<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>schizophrenia<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Schizophrenia<\/strong> is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. Its most common symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which a person becomes detached from reality\u2014a person\u2019s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where they disrupt typical life functioning.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>Schizophrenia is <em data-effect=\"italics\">not<\/em> a condition involving a split personality; that is, schizophrenia is not the same thing as dissociative identity disorder (better known as multiple personality disorder). These disorders are sometimes confused because the word <em data-effect=\"italics\">schizophrenia <\/em>first coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, derives from Greek words that refer to a \u201csplitting\u201d (schizo) of psychic functions (phrene) (Green, 2001).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>About 1% of the population experiences schizophrenia in their lifetime, though global estimates are even lower, with lifetime prevalence between 0.3% and 0.7%\u00a0 (WHO, 2025). The disorder is typically first diagnosed during early adulthood (late teens and early to mid-20s).\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The disorder significantly impacts daily functioning, including maintaining employment, managing finances, self-care, and relationships. Even with the best available treatments, many individuals continue to experience substantial social and occupational challenges throughout their lives.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Recent research conceptualizes schizophrenia as a <strong>heterogeneous syndrome<\/strong> rather than a single disease entity\u2014a complex, multi-dimensional condition with varying degrees of psychotic, negative, cognitive, mood, and motor manifestations (Tandon et al., 2024).<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Symptoms of Schizophrenia<\/h2>\r\n<p>The main symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>hallucination<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A <strong>hallucination<\/strong> is a perceptual experience occurring without external stimulation. <strong>Auditory hallucinations<\/strong>\u2014hearing voices\u2014occur in roughly two-thirds of patients and are the most common form (Andreasen, 1987). These voices may be familiar or unfamiliar, may converse or argue, or may provide running commentary on the person's behavior (Tsuang, Farone, &amp; Green, 1999).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4083\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"247\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/30235203\/Tactile_hallucination.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/30235203\/Tactile_hallucination.jpg\" alt=\"Tactile Hallucination of imaginary spiders crawling on skin.\" width=\"247\" height=\"282\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Tactile hallucinations, like that of imaginary spiders crawling on the skin, are another type of hallucination.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Less common forms include <strong>visual hallucinations<\/strong> (seeing things that aren't there), <strong>olfactory hallucinations<\/strong> (smelling nonexistent odors), and <strong>tactile hallucinations<\/strong> (such as feeling imaginary insects crawling on the skin).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>delusions<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Delusions<\/strong> are firmly held beliefs contrary to reality that persist despite contradictory evidence. While many people hold beliefs others might consider unusual, delusions are clearly implausible or absurd. Types of delusions include:<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Paranoid delusions<\/strong>: False beliefs that others are plotting harm\u2014such as believing a family member is collaborating with government agencies to poison them<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Grandiose delusions<\/strong>: Beliefs of having special powers, unique knowledge, or extraordinary importance\u2014such as claiming to be a historical figure or possessing ancient wisdom<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Thought withdrawal\/insertion<\/strong>: Beliefs that thoughts are being removed from or placed into one's mind<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Somatic delusions<\/strong>: Beliefs about abnormal bodily experiences\u2014such as believing internal organs are being consumed by insects<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>disorganized thinking<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Disorganized thinking<\/strong> refers to disjointed, incoherent thought processes\u2014typically evident through speech. A person might ramble, exhibit <strong>loose associations<\/strong> (jumping randomly between topics), or produce speech so disorganized it seems like random word combinations.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><br \/>\r\nThis symptom also includes blatantly illogical statements (e.g., \"The stadium is in the city. I live in the city. Therefore, I live at the stadium.\") and <strong>tangentiality<\/strong>\u2014responding with statements barely related to what was said. For example, when asked about job training, a person might respond about riding a train, linking the two through superficial word association.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>disorganized motor behavior<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior<\/strong> includes unusual movements and actions: becoming unusually active, displaying child-like behaviors (giggling, self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repetitive purposeless movements, or showing odd facial expressions.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><br \/>\r\nIn severe cases, <strong>catatonic behaviors<\/strong> may occur\u2014decreased reactivity to the environment, including <strong>posturing<\/strong> (maintaining rigid, bizarre positions for extended periods) or <strong>catatonic stupor<\/strong> (complete lack of movement and verbal response).<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\">Positive and Negative Symptoms<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Schizophrenia symptoms are categorized as positive or negative.<\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\">Positive Symptoms<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Positive symptoms<\/strong> are symptoms of commission\u2014behaviors or experiences added to normal functioning. These include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and bizarre behaviors described above.<\/p>\r\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\">Negative Symptoms<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Negative symptoms<\/strong> reflect decreases and absences in typical behaviors, emotions, or drives (Green, 2001):<\/p>\r\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\">\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Diminished emotional expression<\/strong> (flat affect): Showing no emotion in facial expressions, speech, or movements when such expression would normally occur<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Avolition<\/strong>: Lack of motivation for self-initiated, meaningful activity\u2014including basic tasks like personal hygiene<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Alogia<\/strong>: Reduced speech output; patients simply don't say much<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Asociality<\/strong>: Social withdrawal and disinterest in social interactions<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Anhedonia<\/strong>: Inability to experience pleasure from activities most people find enjoyable\u2014hobbies, recreation, or social activities<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gGnl8dqEoPQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch this video and try to identify which classic symptoms of schizophrenia are shown.<\/a><\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><br class=\"textbox tryIt\" \/>\r\n<div>[ohm2_question height=\"800\"]4482[\/ohm2_question]<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\r\n<h3 id=\"zip-idm232616768\">Forensic Psychology<\/h3>\r\n<p>In August 2013, 17-year-old Cody Metzker-Madsen attacked foster sibling 5-year-old Dominic Elkins on his foster parents\u2019 property. Believing that he was fighting goblins and that Dominic was the goblin commander, Metzker-Madsen beat Dominic with a brick and then held him face down in a creek. Dr. Alan Goldstein, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified that Metzker-Madsen believed that the goblins he saw were real and was not aware that it was Dominic at the time. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was not held legally responsible for Dominic's death (Nelson, 2014). <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nCody was found to be a danger to himself or others. He remains in a psychiatric facility and will continue to do so until he is judged to be no longer dangerous. Metzker-Madsen was again charged with attacking his roommate in the mental hospital in 2024.<\/p>\r\n<p>According to the American Psychiatric Association, individuals who are found not guilty by reason of insanity are often confined to psychiatric hospitals for as long or longer than they would have spent in prison for a conviction.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"zip-idm235145648\">Most people with mental illness are not violent. Only 3\u20135% of violent acts are committed by individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness, whereas individuals with severe mental illnesses are more than ten times as likely to be victims of crime (MentalHealth.gov, 2017). The psychologists who work with individuals such as Metzker-Madsen are part of the subdiscipline of forensic psychology. <br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nForensic psychologists are involved in psychological assessment and treatment of individuals involved with the legal system. They use their knowledge of human behavior and mental illness to assist the judicial and legal system in making decisions in cases involving such issues as personal injury suits, workers' compensation, competency to stand trial, and pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe schizophrenia and categorize its symptoms<\/li>\n<li>Describe\u00a0genetic, biological, and environmental factors that are associated with the development of schizophrenia<\/li>\n<li>Identify and differentiate the symptoms and potential causes of various dissociative disorders<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>schizophrenia<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Schizophrenia<\/strong> is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. Its most common symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. Schizophrenia is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which a person becomes detached from reality\u2014a person\u2019s thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where they disrupt typical life functioning.<\/p>\n<p>Schizophrenia is <em data-effect=\"italics\">not<\/em> a condition involving a split personality; that is, schizophrenia is not the same thing as dissociative identity disorder (better known as multiple personality disorder). These disorders are sometimes confused because the word <em data-effect=\"italics\">schizophrenia <\/em>first coined by the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, derives from Greek words that refer to a \u201csplitting\u201d (schizo) of psychic functions (phrene) (Green, 2001).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>About 1% of the population experiences schizophrenia in their lifetime, though global estimates are even lower, with lifetime prevalence between 0.3% and 0.7%\u00a0 (WHO, 2025). The disorder is typically first diagnosed during early adulthood (late teens and early to mid-20s).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">The disorder significantly impacts daily functioning, including maintaining employment, managing finances, self-care, and relationships. Even with the best available treatments, many individuals continue to experience substantial social and occupational challenges throughout their lives.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Recent research conceptualizes schizophrenia as a <strong>heterogeneous syndrome<\/strong> rather than a single disease entity\u2014a complex, multi-dimensional condition with varying degrees of psychotic, negative, cognitive, mood, and motor manifestations (Tandon et al., 2024).<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Symptoms of Schizophrenia<\/h2>\n<p>The main symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>hallucination<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A <strong>hallucination<\/strong> is a perceptual experience occurring without external stimulation. <strong>Auditory hallucinations<\/strong>\u2014hearing voices\u2014occur in roughly two-thirds of patients and are the most common form (Andreasen, 1987). These voices may be familiar or unfamiliar, may converse or argue, or may provide running commentary on the person&#8217;s behavior (Tsuang, Farone, &amp; Green, 1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4083\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4083\" style=\"width: 247px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/30235203\/Tactile_hallucination.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/30235203\/Tactile_hallucination.jpg\" alt=\"Tactile Hallucination of imaginary spiders crawling on skin.\" width=\"247\" height=\"282\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Tactile hallucinations, like that of imaginary spiders crawling on the skin, are another type of hallucination.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Less common forms include <strong>visual hallucinations<\/strong> (seeing things that aren&#8217;t there), <strong>olfactory hallucinations<\/strong> (smelling nonexistent odors), and <strong>tactile hallucinations<\/strong> (such as feeling imaginary insects crawling on the skin).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>delusions<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Delusions<\/strong> are firmly held beliefs contrary to reality that persist despite contradictory evidence. While many people hold beliefs others might consider unusual, delusions are clearly implausible or absurd. Types of delusions include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Paranoid delusions<\/strong>: False beliefs that others are plotting harm\u2014such as believing a family member is collaborating with government agencies to poison them<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Grandiose delusions<\/strong>: Beliefs of having special powers, unique knowledge, or extraordinary importance\u2014such as claiming to be a historical figure or possessing ancient wisdom<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Thought withdrawal\/insertion<\/strong>: Beliefs that thoughts are being removed from or placed into one&#8217;s mind<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Somatic delusions<\/strong>: Beliefs about abnormal bodily experiences\u2014such as believing internal organs are being consumed by insects<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>disorganized thinking<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Disorganized thinking<\/strong> refers to disjointed, incoherent thought processes\u2014typically evident through speech. A person might ramble, exhibit <strong>loose associations<\/strong> (jumping randomly between topics), or produce speech so disorganized it seems like random word combinations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">\nThis symptom also includes blatantly illogical statements (e.g., &#8220;The stadium is in the city. I live in the city. Therefore, I live at the stadium.&#8221;) and <strong>tangentiality<\/strong>\u2014responding with statements barely related to what was said. For example, when asked about job training, a person might respond about riding a train, linking the two through superficial word association.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>disorganized motor behavior<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior<\/strong> includes unusual movements and actions: becoming unusually active, displaying child-like behaviors (giggling, self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repetitive purposeless movements, or showing odd facial expressions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">\nIn severe cases, <strong>catatonic behaviors<\/strong> may occur\u2014decreased reactivity to the environment, including <strong>posturing<\/strong> (maintaining rigid, bizarre positions for extended periods) or <strong>catatonic stupor<\/strong> (complete lack of movement and verbal response).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-3 -mb-1 text-[1.125rem] font-bold\">Positive and Negative Symptoms<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Schizophrenia symptoms are categorized as positive or negative.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\">Positive Symptoms<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Positive symptoms<\/strong> are symptoms of commission\u2014behaviors or experiences added to normal functioning. These include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and bizarre behaviors described above.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"text-text-100 mt-2 -mb-1 text-base font-bold\">Negative Symptoms<\/h3>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Negative symptoms<\/strong> reflect decreases and absences in typical behaviors, emotions, or drives (Green, 2001):<\/p>\n<ul class=\"[li_&amp;]:mb-0 [li_&amp;]:mt-1 [li_&amp;]:gap-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ul]:pb-1 [&amp;:not(:last-child)_ol]:pb-1 list-disc flex flex-col gap-1 pl-8 mb-3\">\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Diminished emotional expression<\/strong> (flat affect): Showing no emotion in facial expressions, speech, or movements when such expression would normally occur<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Avolition<\/strong>: Lack of motivation for self-initiated, meaningful activity\u2014including basic tasks like personal hygiene<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Alogia<\/strong>: Reduced speech output; patients simply don&#8217;t say much<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Asociality<\/strong>: Social withdrawal and disinterest in social interactions<\/li>\n<li class=\"whitespace-normal break-words pl-2\"><strong>Anhedonia<\/strong>: Inability to experience pleasure from activities most people find enjoyable\u2014hobbies, recreation, or social activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gGnl8dqEoPQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watch this video and try to identify which classic symptoms of schizophrenia are shown.<\/a><\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><br class=\"textbox tryIt\" \/><\/p>\n<div><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4482\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4482&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4482&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"800\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\n<h3 id=\"zip-idm232616768\">Forensic Psychology<\/h3>\n<p>In August 2013, 17-year-old Cody Metzker-Madsen attacked foster sibling 5-year-old Dominic Elkins on his foster parents\u2019 property. Believing that he was fighting goblins and that Dominic was the goblin commander, Metzker-Madsen beat Dominic with a brick and then held him face down in a creek. Dr. Alan Goldstein, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified that Metzker-Madsen believed that the goblins he saw were real and was not aware that it was Dominic at the time. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was not held legally responsible for Dominic&#8217;s death (Nelson, 2014). <\/p>\n<p>Cody was found to be a danger to himself or others. He remains in a psychiatric facility and will continue to do so until he is judged to be no longer dangerous. Metzker-Madsen was again charged with attacking his roommate in the mental hospital in 2024.<\/p>\n<p>According to the American Psychiatric Association, individuals who are found not guilty by reason of insanity are often confined to psychiatric hospitals for as long or longer than they would have spent in prison for a conviction.<\/p>\n<p id=\"zip-idm235145648\">Most people with mental illness are not violent. Only 3\u20135% of violent acts are committed by individuals diagnosed with severe mental illness, whereas individuals with severe mental illnesses are more than ten times as likely to be victims of crime (MentalHealth.gov, 2017). The psychologists who work with individuals such as Metzker-Madsen are part of the subdiscipline of forensic psychology. <\/p>\n<p>Forensic psychologists are involved in psychological assessment and treatment of individuals involved with the legal system. They use their knowledge of human behavior and mental illness to assist the judicial and legal system in making decisions in cases involving such issues as personal injury suits, workers&#8217; compensation, competency to stand trial, and pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":22,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Schizophrenia\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-8-schizophrenia\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Information on positive symptoms of schizophrenia\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/psychology\/textbooks\/boundless-psychology-textbook\/psychological-disorders-18\/schizophrenia-spectrum-and-other-psychotic-disorders-94\/introduction-to-schizophrenia-and-psychosis-360-12895\/\",\"project\":\"Boundless Psychology\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Tactile hallucination image\",\"author\":\"Angela Mariam Thomas\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Tactile_hallucination.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Schizophrenia lobes 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