{"id":1231,"date":"2023-03-31T17:37:54","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:37:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/anxiety-disorders\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T17:54:54","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T17:54:54","slug":"anxiety-disorders","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/anxiety-disorders\/","title":{"raw":"Anxiety and Related Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014Phobias","rendered":"Anxiety and Related Disorders: Learn It 1\u2014Phobias"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe phobias and how they are acquired<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain panic disorder and panic attacks<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe post-traumatic stress disorder and its risk factors<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4060\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"201\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28142106\/anxiety.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4060 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28142106\/anxiety.jpg\" alt=\"Man with hands covering his face and one eye peeking through his fingers.\" width=\"201\" height=\"201\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. While everyone may experience some level of anxiety at one time or another, those with anxiety disorders experience it consistently and so intensely that it has a significantly negative impact on their quality of life.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<h2>Anxiety Disorders and Phobias<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Everybody experiences anxiety from time to time. Although <span class=\"s1\"><b>anxiety<\/b><\/span> is closely related to <span class=\"s1\"><b>fear<\/b><\/span>, the two are not the same:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Fear<\/b><\/span> is an immediate response to an imminent threat.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Anxiety<\/b><\/span> involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness about a potential future threat or negative event (Craske, 1999).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Even though anxiety feels unpleasant, it can be useful. Anxiety can motivate us to prepare and problem-solve\u2014for example, studying for an exam, showing up on time, or planning ahead to avoid financial trouble. In healthy amounts, anxiety can help keep us safe.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety becomes a problem when it is <span class=\"s1\"><b>excessive, persistent, and out of proportion<\/b><\/span> to the actual threat. When anxiety interferes with daily life\u2014relationships, school, work, or health\u2014it may indicate an <span class=\"s1\"><b>anxiety disorder<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>anxiety disorders<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders are characterized by <span class=\"s1\"><b>excessive and persistent fear and anxiety<\/b><\/span>, along with related behavioral changes such as avoidance (APA, 2013). These disorders are among the most common mental health conditions in the United States and around the world.<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">Current estimates indicate:<b><\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">About <span class=\"s1\">19% of U.S. adults<\/span> experience an anxiety disorder in a given year.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Over a <span class=\"s1\">lifetime<\/span>, roughly <span class=\"s1\">31%<\/span> of U.S. adults will meet criteria for an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders are diagnosed more often in <span class=\"s1\">women than in men<\/span>, with U.S. estimates showing approximately <span class=\"s1\">23% of women<\/span> and <span class=\"s1\">14% of men<\/span> affected in a given year (NIMH).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders often <span class=\"s1\"><b>co-occur with other mental health conditions<\/b><\/span>, including depression and substance use disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2 data-depth=\"1\">Specific Phobia<\/h2>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<p class=\"p1\">The word <i>phobia<\/i> comes from Greek and means \u201cfear.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>specific phobia<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A <span class=\"s1\"><b>specific phobia<\/b><\/span> involves an excessive, persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as heights, spiders, injections, or flying) (APA, 2013). People with specific phobias often recognize their fear is out of proportion to the actual danger, but still feel overwhelmed and may go to great lengths to avoid the trigger.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">This avoidance can create real problems. For example, someone with a fear of flying might decline a job that requires travel, limiting their career options.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<table summary=\"A table of two columns lists phobias and their associated feared object or situation. Acrophobia is fear of heights, aerophobia is fear of flying, arachnophobia is fear of spiders, claustrophobia is fear of enclosed spaces, cynophobia is fear of dogs, hematophobia is fear of blood, ophidiophobia is fear of snakes, taphophobia is fear of being buried alive, trypanophobia is fear of injections, and xenophobia is fear of strangers.\">\r\n<caption>Table 1. Specific Phobias<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Phobia<\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\">Feared Object or Situation<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Acrophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>heights<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Aerophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>flying<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Arachnophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>spiders<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Claustrophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>enclosed spaces<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Cynophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>dogs<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Hematophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>blood<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Ophidiophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>snakes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Taphophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>being buried alive<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Trypanophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>injections<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Xenophobia<\/td>\r\n<td>strangers<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Specific phobias are common; in the United States, around 12.5% of the population will meet the criteria for a specific phobia at some point in their lifetime or roughly 9% of people during the past year.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>agoraphobia<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Agoraphobia<\/b><\/span> is listed in the DSM-5 as its own anxiety disorder. Although it literally means \u201cfear of the marketplace,\u201d it is better understood as fear and avoidance of situations where escape might feel difficult or help might not be available if panic-like symptoms occur (APA, 2013).<\/p>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4058\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"152\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28113601\/360px-TyreAlMinaAgora-1.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4058 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28113601\/360px-TyreAlMinaAgora-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of ancient ruins, showing a rocky floor and pillars in a large open space.\" width=\"152\" height=\"203\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. An ancient Roman agora in Tyre, Lebanon. This is one of the public spaces after which the condition agoraphobia is named.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Situations that may trigger agoraphobia include:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">public transportation<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">open spaces (like parking lots)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">enclosed spaces (like stores or theaters)<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">crowds<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">being outside the home alone<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning<\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Many psychologists believe phobias often develop through <span class=\"s1\"><b>learning<\/b><\/span>. Rachman (1977) proposed three common pathways:<\/p>\r\n<h3><b>1) Classical conditioning<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening or painful experience.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child who is bitten by a dog may later fear dogs. The bite triggers fear naturally, and later the sight of any dog may trigger fear through association.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>2) Vicarious learning (modeling)<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">A person learns fear by watching someone else react fearfully.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child watches a cousin panic around spiders and later becomes fearful of spiders too. This has been shown in humans and in other primates (Mineka &amp; Cook, 1993; Olsson &amp; Phelps, 2007).<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><b>3) Verbal transmission (information)<\/b><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Fear develops through repeated messages that something is dangerous or disgusting.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child hears constant warnings that snakes are terrifying and learns to fear them without ever having a negative direct experience.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2><b>Why Some Phobias Are More Common Than Others<\/b><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">One interesting puzzle is that people often develop strong fears of things that are rarely dangerous today (like spiders), but are less likely to develop phobias of modern hazards that cause far more harm (like driving or firearms).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p3\">One explanation is <span class=\"s2\"><b>prepared learning<\/b><\/span>: the idea that humans may be biologically predisposed to learn fear responses more easily for certain evolutionarily relevant threats (Seligman, 1971; \u00d6hman &amp; Mineka, 2001). Across human history, rapid fear-learning for snakes, heights, or thunder may have increased survival. Research shows fear conditioning tends to happen more quickly for fear-relevant stimuli (like snakes and spiders) than for fear-irrelevant stimuli (like flowers) (\u00d6hman &amp; Mineka, 2001). Similar patterns have been observed in monkeys (Cook &amp; Mineka, 1989).<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><br class=\"textbox tryIt\" \/>\r\n[ohm2_question height=\"500\"]4435[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe phobias and how they are acquired<\/li>\n<li>Describe social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder<\/li>\n<li>Explain panic disorder and panic attacks<\/li>\n<li>Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder<\/li>\n<li>Describe post-traumatic stress disorder and its risk factors<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4060\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4060\" style=\"width: 201px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28142106\/anxiety.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4060\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28142106\/anxiety.jpg\" alt=\"Man with hands covering his face and one eye peeking through his fingers.\" width=\"201\" height=\"201\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4060\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. While everyone may experience some level of anxiety at one time or another, those with anxiety disorders experience it consistently and so intensely that it has a significantly negative impact on their quality of life.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Anxiety Disorders and Phobias<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Everybody experiences anxiety from time to time. Although <span class=\"s1\"><b>anxiety<\/b><\/span> is closely related to <span class=\"s1\"><b>fear<\/b><\/span>, the two are not the same:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Fear<\/b><\/span> is an immediate response to an imminent threat.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Anxiety<\/b><\/span> involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness about a potential future threat or negative event (Craske, 1999).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Even though anxiety feels unpleasant, it can be useful. Anxiety can motivate us to prepare and problem-solve\u2014for example, studying for an exam, showing up on time, or planning ahead to avoid financial trouble. In healthy amounts, anxiety can help keep us safe.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety becomes a problem when it is <span class=\"s1\"><b>excessive, persistent, and out of proportion<\/b><\/span> to the actual threat. When anxiety interferes with daily life\u2014relationships, school, work, or health\u2014it may indicate an <span class=\"s1\"><b>anxiety disorder<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>anxiety disorders<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders are characterized by <span class=\"s1\"><b>excessive and persistent fear and anxiety<\/b><\/span>, along with related behavioral changes such as avoidance (APA, 2013). These disorders are among the most common mental health conditions in the United States and around the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Current estimates indicate:<b><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">About <span class=\"s1\">19% of U.S. adults<\/span> experience an anxiety disorder in a given year.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Over a <span class=\"s1\">lifetime<\/span>, roughly <span class=\"s1\">31%<\/span> of U.S. adults will meet criteria for an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders are diagnosed more often in <span class=\"s1\">women than in men<\/span>, with U.S. estimates showing approximately <span class=\"s1\">23% of women<\/span> and <span class=\"s1\">14% of men<\/span> affected in a given year (NIMH).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p1\">Anxiety disorders often <span class=\"s1\"><b>co-occur with other mental health conditions<\/b><\/span>, including depression and substance use disorders, which can complicate diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2 data-depth=\"1\">Specific Phobia<\/h2>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<p class=\"p1\">The word <i>phobia<\/i> comes from Greek and means \u201cfear.\u201d<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>specific phobia<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">A <span class=\"s1\"><b>specific phobia<\/b><\/span> involves an excessive, persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as heights, spiders, injections, or flying) (APA, 2013). People with specific phobias often recognize their fear is out of proportion to the actual danger, but still feel overwhelmed and may go to great lengths to avoid the trigger.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This avoidance can create real problems. For example, someone with a fear of flying might decline a job that requires travel, limiting their career options.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<table summary=\"A table of two columns lists phobias and their associated feared object or situation. Acrophobia is fear of heights, aerophobia is fear of flying, arachnophobia is fear of spiders, claustrophobia is fear of enclosed spaces, cynophobia is fear of dogs, hematophobia is fear of blood, ophidiophobia is fear of snakes, taphophobia is fear of being buried alive, trypanophobia is fear of injections, and xenophobia is fear of strangers.\">\n<caption>Table 1. Specific Phobias<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Phobia<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Feared Object or Situation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Acrophobia<\/td>\n<td>heights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aerophobia<\/td>\n<td>flying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Arachnophobia<\/td>\n<td>spiders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Claustrophobia<\/td>\n<td>enclosed spaces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cynophobia<\/td>\n<td>dogs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hematophobia<\/td>\n<td>blood<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ophidiophobia<\/td>\n<td>snakes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Taphophobia<\/td>\n<td>being buried alive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Trypanophobia<\/td>\n<td>injections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Xenophobia<\/td>\n<td>strangers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Specific phobias are common; in the United States, around 12.5% of the population will meet the criteria for a specific phobia at some point in their lifetime or roughly 9% of people during the past year.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>agoraphobia<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Agoraphobia<\/b><\/span> is listed in the DSM-5 as its own anxiety disorder. Although it literally means \u201cfear of the marketplace,\u201d it is better understood as fear and avoidance of situations where escape might feel difficult or help might not be available if panic-like symptoms occur (APA, 2013).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4058\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4058\" style=\"width: 152px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28113601\/360px-TyreAlMinaAgora-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4058\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/855\/2017\/03\/28113601\/360px-TyreAlMinaAgora-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph of ancient ruins, showing a rocky floor and pillars in a large open space.\" width=\"152\" height=\"203\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4058\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. An ancient Roman agora in Tyre, Lebanon. This is one of the public spaces after which the condition agoraphobia is named.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">Situations that may trigger agoraphobia include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">public transportation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">open spaces (like parking lots)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">enclosed spaces (like stores or theaters)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">crowds<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">being outside the home alone<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning<\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">Many psychologists believe phobias often develop through <span class=\"s1\"><b>learning<\/b><\/span>. Rachman (1977) proposed three common pathways:<\/p>\n<h3><b>1) Classical conditioning<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a frightening or painful experience.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child who is bitten by a dog may later fear dogs. The bite triggers fear naturally, and later the sight of any dog may trigger fear through association.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>2) Vicarious learning (modeling)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">A person learns fear by watching someone else react fearfully.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child watches a cousin panic around spiders and later becomes fearful of spiders too. This has been shown in humans and in other primates (Mineka &amp; Cook, 1993; Olsson &amp; Phelps, 2007).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>3) Verbal transmission (information)<\/b><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">Fear develops through repeated messages that something is dangerous or disgusting.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p class=\"p1\">Example: A child hears constant warnings that snakes are terrifying and learns to fear them without ever having a negative direct experience.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>Why Some Phobias Are More Common Than Others<\/b><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p3\">One interesting puzzle is that people often develop strong fears of things that are rarely dangerous today (like spiders), but are less likely to develop phobias of modern hazards that cause far more harm (like driving or firearms).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">One explanation is <span class=\"s2\"><b>prepared learning<\/b><\/span>: the idea that humans may be biologically predisposed to learn fear responses more easily for certain evolutionarily relevant threats (Seligman, 1971; \u00d6hman &amp; Mineka, 2001). Across human history, rapid fear-learning for snakes, heights, or thunder may have increased survival. Research shows fear conditioning tends to happen more quickly for fear-relevant stimuli (like snakes and spiders) than for fear-irrelevant stimuli (like flowers) (\u00d6hman &amp; Mineka, 2001). Similar patterns have been observed in monkeys (Cook &amp; Mineka, 1989).<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><br class=\"textbox tryIt\" \/><br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4435\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4435&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4435&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anxiety Disorders\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/15-4-anxiety-disorders\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Tyre Agora\",\"author\":\"Heretiq\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agora#\/media\/File:TyreAlMinaAgora.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Agoraphobia\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anxious man image\",\"author\":\"Bada Bing\",\"organization\":\"Flickr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/zetson\/3241975525\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Anxiety and Related Disorders caption for image\",\"author\":\"David H. Barlow and Kristen K. 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