{"id":1183,"date":"2023-03-31T17:37:29","date_gmt":"2023-03-31T17:37:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/personality-assessment\/"},"modified":"2026-01-13T13:54:29","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T13:54:29","slug":"personality-assessment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/chapter\/personality-assessment\/","title":{"raw":"Measuring Personality: Learn It 1\u2014Self-Report Inventories","rendered":"Measuring Personality: Learn It 1\u2014Self-Report Inventories"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Describe various personality tests<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand the development of personality tests<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Understand how validity is measured and why it's important<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Igor, Sophie, and Lukas are friends with different career aspirations. Igor is reserved and often lacks self-confidence, usually following the lead of others. Sophie is outgoing and tends to take charge, though she can be impulsive at times. Lukas is well-liked for his trustworthiness but occasionally faces difficulty making quick decisions.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the context of career choices, who do you think would excel at managing a hotel? What personality traits and qualities should be considered when evaluating their suitability for such a profession? The hospitality industry, like many others, including retail, law enforcement, transportation, military, and healthcare, requires specific traits and skills from its professionals and sometimes uses personality tests to screen applicants for employment and job training. Personality tests are also used in criminal cases and custody battles, and to assess psychological disorders. This section explores the best-known among the many different types of personality tests.<\/p>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>Self-Report Inventories<\/h2>\r\n<p><strong>Self-report inventories<\/strong> are a kind of objective test used to assess personality. They typically use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, which represent a range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They often are called <strong>Likert scales<\/strong> after their developer, Rensis Likert (1932).<\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">Self-report inventories are efficient and cost-effective, but they have a major limitation: people don\u2019t always answer accurately. Responses can be influenced by self-awareness, mood, misunderstanding an item, or <span class=\"s1\"><b>impression management<\/b><\/span> (trying to look good\u2014especially in hiring situations).<\/p>\r\n<p><img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225027\/CNX_Psych_11_09_Lickert.jpg\" alt=\"A Likert-type scale survey is shown. The surveyed items include \u201cI am easygoing; I have high standards; I enjoy time alone; I work well with others; I dislike confrontation; and I prefer crowds over intimacy.\u201d To the right of each of these items are five empty circles. The circles are labeled \u201cstrongly disagree; somewhat disagree; no opinion; somewhat agree; and strongly agree.\u201d\" width=\"664\" height=\"354\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. If you\u2019ve ever taken a survey, you are probably familiar with Likert-type scale questions. Most personality inventories employ these types of response scales.\r\n\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">One of the best-known self-report inventories is the <span class=\"s1\"><b>Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory<\/b><\/span> (MMPI). It has undergone several revisions since its original 1943 publication.<\/p>\r\n<table class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal aligncenter\">\r\n<thead class=\"text-left\">\r\n<tr>\r\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Version<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Year<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Items<\/th>\r\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Key Changes<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">1943<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">504 true\/false<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Original; limited sample (Minnesota farmers, psychiatric patients)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI-2<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">1989<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">567<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">More representative national sample; better standardization<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI-2-RF<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">2008<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">338<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Streamlined; takes half the time to complete<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"><strong>MMPI-3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"><strong>2020<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">335<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Updated norms; modernized item content; improved scales for contemporary clinical use<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>The <strong>MMPI-3<\/strong>, released in 2020, represents the most current version. It features updated normative data, revised item content to reflect contemporary language and clinical presentations, and refined scales. The test continues to be used for clinical diagnosis of psychological disorders as well as occupational screening in fields like law enforcement, and in college, career, and marital counseling (Ben-Porath &amp; Tellegen, 2008; Ben-Porath &amp; Tellegen, 2020).<\/p>\r\n<figure>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225029\/CNX_Psych_11_09_MMPI.jpg\" alt=\"Five questions are stacked vertically with two empty bubbles to the right of each question. Above the bubbles are the labels \u201cTrue\u201d and \u201cFalse.\u201d The questions are as follows: \u201c1. I like gardening magazines.\u201d \u201c2. I am unhappy with my sex life.\u201d \u201c3. I feel like no one understands me.\u201d \u201c4. I think I would enjoy the work of a teacher.\u201d \u201c5. I am not easily awakened by noise.\u201d\" width=\"600\" height=\"291\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. These true\/false questions resemble the kinds of questions you would find on the MMPI.[\/caption]\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Beyond clinical scales, the MMPI includes <strong>validity<\/strong> and <strong>reliability<\/strong> scales to ensure accurate interpretation.<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Validity Scales<\/strong> detect response patterns that might compromise test accuracy. For example, the <strong>Lie Scale (L Scale)<\/strong> includes 15 items to identify respondents who are \"faking good\"\u2014underreporting problems to appear healthier. Someone answering \"yes\" to unrealistically positive statements like \"I have never told a lie\" may be attempting to present an overly favorable self-image.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Reliability Scales<\/strong> test the instrument's consistency over time. If you take the MMPI today and again in five years, your scores should be similar.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A longitudinal study by Beutler, Nussbaum, and Meredith (1988) demonstrated this reliability while also revealing occupational effects on personality. Police officers were tested at recruitment, then again at two and four years on the job. Over time, their responses indicated increased vulnerability to alcoholism, somatic symptoms (vague physical complaints), and anxiety\u2014suggesting that job stress can measurably impact psychological functioning.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"500\"]4393[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>\r\n<section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>How objective do you think you can be about yourself in answering questions on self-report personality assessment measures? What implications might this have for the validity of the personality test?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<section><\/section>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li>Describe various personality tests<\/li>\n<li>Understand the development of personality tests<\/li>\n<li>Understand how validity is measured and why it&#8217;s important<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>Igor, Sophie, and Lukas are friends with different career aspirations. Igor is reserved and often lacks self-confidence, usually following the lead of others. Sophie is outgoing and tends to take charge, though she can be impulsive at times. Lukas is well-liked for his trustworthiness but occasionally faces difficulty making quick decisions.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of career choices, who do you think would excel at managing a hotel? What personality traits and qualities should be considered when evaluating their suitability for such a profession? The hospitality industry, like many others, including retail, law enforcement, transportation, military, and healthcare, requires specific traits and skills from its professionals and sometimes uses personality tests to screen applicants for employment and job training. Personality tests are also used in criminal cases and custody battles, and to assess psychological disorders. This section explores the best-known among the many different types of personality tests.<\/p>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>Self-Report Inventories<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Self-report inventories<\/strong> are a kind of objective test used to assess personality. They typically use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, which represent a range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They often are called <strong>Likert scales<\/strong> after their developer, Rensis Likert (1932).<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Self-report inventories are efficient and cost-effective, but they have a major limitation: people don\u2019t always answer accurately. Responses can be influenced by self-awareness, mood, misunderstanding an item, or <span class=\"s1\"><b>impression management<\/b><\/span> (trying to look good\u2014especially in hiring situations).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225027\/CNX_Psych_11_09_Lickert.jpg\" alt=\"A Likert-type scale survey is shown. The surveyed items include \u201cI am easygoing; I have high standards; I enjoy time alone; I work well with others; I dislike confrontation; and I prefer crowds over intimacy.\u201d To the right of each of these items are five empty circles. The circles are labeled \u201cstrongly disagree; somewhat disagree; no opinion; somewhat agree; and strongly agree.\u201d\" width=\"664\" height=\"354\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<figure>\n<strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. If you\u2019ve ever taken a survey, you are probably familiar with Likert-type scale questions. Most personality inventories employ these types of response scales.<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"p1\">One of the best-known self-report inventories is the <span class=\"s1\"><b>Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory<\/b><\/span> (MMPI). It has undergone several revisions since its original 1943 publication.<\/p>\n<table class=\"min-w-full border-collapse text-sm leading-[1.7] whitespace-normal aligncenter\">\n<thead class=\"text-left\">\n<tr>\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Version<\/th>\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Year<\/th>\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Items<\/th>\n<th class=\"text-text-100 border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/60 py-2 pr-4 align-top font-bold\">Key Changes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">1943<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">504 true\/false<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Original; limited sample (Minnesota farmers, psychiatric patients)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI-2<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">1989<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">567<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">More representative national sample; better standardization<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">MMPI-2-RF<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">2008<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">338<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Streamlined; takes half the time to complete<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"><strong>MMPI-3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\"><strong>2020<\/strong><\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">335<\/td>\n<td class=\"border-b-0.5 border-border-300\/30 py-2 pr-4 align-top\">Updated norms; modernized item content; improved scales for contemporary clinical use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The <strong>MMPI-3<\/strong>, released in 2020, represents the most current version. It features updated normative data, revised item content to reflect contemporary language and clinical presentations, and refined scales. The test continues to be used for clinical diagnosis of psychological disorders as well as occupational screening in fields like law enforcement, and in college, career, and marital counseling (Ben-Porath &amp; Tellegen, 2008; Ben-Porath &amp; Tellegen, 2020).<\/p>\n<figure>\n<figure style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/902\/2015\/02\/23225029\/CNX_Psych_11_09_MMPI.jpg\" alt=\"Five questions are stacked vertically with two empty bubbles to the right of each question. Above the bubbles are the labels \u201cTrue\u201d and \u201cFalse.\u201d The questions are as follows: \u201c1. I like gardening magazines.\u201d \u201c2. I am unhappy with my sex life.\u201d \u201c3. I feel like no one understands me.\u201d \u201c4. I think I would enjoy the work of a teacher.\u201d \u201c5. I am not easily awakened by noise.\u201d\" width=\"600\" height=\"291\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. These true\/false questions resemble the kinds of questions you would find on the MMPI.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">Beyond clinical scales, the MMPI includes <strong>validity<\/strong> and <strong>reliability<\/strong> scales to ensure accurate interpretation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Validity Scales<\/strong> detect response patterns that might compromise test accuracy. For example, the <strong>Lie Scale (L Scale)<\/strong> includes 15 items to identify respondents who are &#8220;faking good&#8221;\u2014underreporting problems to appear healthier. Someone answering &#8220;yes&#8221; to unrealistically positive statements like &#8220;I have never told a lie&#8221; may be attempting to present an overly favorable self-image.<\/li>\n<li class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\"><strong>Reliability Scales<\/strong> test the instrument&#8217;s consistency over time. If you take the MMPI today and again in five years, your scores should be similar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"font-claude-response-body break-words whitespace-normal leading-[1.7]\">A longitudinal study by Beutler, Nussbaum, and Meredith (1988) demonstrated this reliability while also revealing occupational effects on personality. Police officers were tested at recruitment, then again at two and four years on the job. Over time, their responses indicated increased vulnerability to alcoholism, somatic symptoms (vague physical complaints), and anxiety\u2014suggesting that job stress can measurably impact psychological functioning.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4393\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4393&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4393&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<section>\n<section class=\"textbox connectIt\">\n<ul>\n<li>How objective do you think you can be about yourself in answering questions on self-report personality assessment measures? What implications might this have for the validity of the personality test?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section data-depth=\"1\">\n<section><\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"menu_order":26,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Personality Assessment\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/11-9-personality-assessment\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":1158,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Personality Assessment","author":"OpenStax College","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/11-9-personality-assessment","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":"Download for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/psychology-2e\/pages\/1-introduction"}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1183"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1183\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7458,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1183\/revisions\/7458"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1158"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1183\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1183"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1183"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1183"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontopsychology\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1183"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}