{"id":2919,"date":"2023-02-19T16:11:08","date_gmt":"2023-02-19T16:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/chapter\/introduction-to-ethical-and-legal-behavior\/"},"modified":"2025-05-20T22:27:37","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T22:27:37","slug":"introduction-to-ethical-and-legal-behavior","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/chapter\/introduction-to-ethical-and-legal-behavior\/","title":{"raw":"Learn It 6.1.1: Business Ethics","rendered":"Learn It 6.1.1: Business Ethics"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Distinguish between ethical and legal behavior&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15233,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;10&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Distinguish between ethical and legal behavior<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Explain what business ethics is&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Explain what business ethics is<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Understand what a corporate code of ethics is&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Understand what a corporate code of ethics is<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Understand a manager's role in setting ethical standards&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Understand a manager's role in setting ethical standards<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Ethical and Legal Behavior<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>ethics<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Ethics<\/strong> are a set of moral standards that govern the conduct of a person. You use ethics to judge whether something is right or wrong.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Martin Shkreli, former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, raised the price of a drug used for newborns and HIV patients by more than 5000 percent, defending the price increase as a \u201cgreat business decision.\u201d[footnote]Renae Merle, \u201c\u2018Pharma Bro\u2019 Martin Shkreli Goes on Trial, Where He Finds Another Kind of Limelight,\u201d Washington Post, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com, June 27, 2017[\/footnote] Few people would call that ethical behavior.<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\r\n<h3>legal behavior<\/h3>\r\n<p><strong>Legal behavior<\/strong> follows existing laws. In decision making, determining the legality of an action is done by analyzing all the relevant statutes, regulations, and codes. Unlike ethical considerations, there are established penalties for behaving in a way that conflicts with the law.<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\r\n<h3>The Volkswagen Scandal<\/h3>\r\n<p><img class=\"wp-image-5532 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-300x242.jpg\" alt=\"Volkswagen Tiguan\" width=\"226\" height=\"182\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>The car company Volkswagen (VW) indicates\u00a0that one of its core values is honesty, \"We do the right thing out of inner conviction, even if no one is watching.\" [footnote]Volkswagen AG. \u201cThe Volkswagen Group Essentials.\u201d Accessed December 7, 2022. https:\/\/www.volkswagenag.com\/en\/group\/volkswagen-group-essentials.html[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p>In September 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency announced that VW had installed special software in its cars to manipulate emissions levels, making it appear that the cars were less polluting than they are. In fact, the engines emitted nitrogen oxide pollutants up to 40 times what is allowed in the U.S. Those vehicles should not have even entered the U.S.[footnote]Hotten, Russell. \u201cVolkswagen: The Scandal Explained.\u201d BBC News. December 10, 2015. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-34324772[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<p>A week later, VW disclosed that 11 million diesel vehicles contained the devices, and CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned. The price of VW stock plunged\u2014losing 30 percent of its value overnight\u2014and the company scrambled to understand what had happened and control the damage to its reputation. In the months following the discovery of the deceptive devices, investigators identified a team of VW employees who thought of the plan and implemented it over a number of years. An internal evaluation identified a \"culture of tolerance\" for rule breaking at the company. It also came to light that management's emphasis on \"results at any cost\" had contributed to the breach in ethical standards. However, in this case, the breach in ethics was also illegal.<\/p>\r\n<p>In the following years, VW agreed to civil and criminal sanctions in the U.S. VW plead guilty to fraud and obstructing justice by destroying documents and paid a total of $4.3 billion in fines.[footnote]U.S. Department of Justice. \u201cVolkswagen AG Agrees to Plead Guilty and Pay $4.3 Billion in Criminal and Civil Penalties; Six Volkswagen Executives and Employees Are Indicted in Connection with Conspiracy to Cheat U.S. Emissions Tests,\u201d January 11, 2017. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/volkswagen-ag-agrees-plead-guilty-and-pay-43-billion-criminal-and-civil-penalties-six[\/footnote] Industry experts believe that the company's violation of consumers' trust will be exceedingly difficult to repair\u00a0and that it may take years to rebuild the VW brand.<\/p>\r\n<p>Even with the widespread publicity of the VW case, other companies like Cummins (makers of engines for Ram trucks) and Stellantis (owner of the Ram brand) were\u00a0 fined in 2024 for similar actions.[footnote]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2024. \u201cFrequently Asked Questions - Cummins Violation of Clean Air Act Vehicle Emission System Controls Requirements | US EPA.\u201d US EPA. January 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/enforcement\/frequently-asked-questions-cummins-violation-clean-air-act-vehicle-emission-system; Shepardson, David. 2024. \u201cStellantis Unit to Pay $4.2 Million to Resolve California Emissions Probe.\u201d <i>Reuters<\/i>, December 24, 2024. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/autos-transportation\/stellantis-unit-pay-42-million-resolve-california-emissions-probe-2024-12-24\/[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p>Both legal and ethical behaviors have significant consequences for business as VW experienced. Legal misconduct can result in fines, and (depending on the severity of the misconduct) incarceration of perpetrators. Both legal and ethical misconduct can result in a loss of trust from customers and partners. In this section, you'll get an introduction to ethics and learn why this is an especially challenging issue for companies that are trying to \"do the right thing.\"<\/p>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\">[ohm2_question height=\"250\"]4304[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Distinguish between ethical and legal behavior&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15233,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;10&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Distinguish between ethical and legal behavior<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Explain what business ethics is&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Explain what business ethics is<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Understand what a corporate code of ethics is&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Understand what a corporate code of ethics is<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Understand a manager's role in setting ethical standards&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:15171,&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:0},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:16777215},&quot;9&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;12&quot;:0,&quot;14&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:0},&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Understand a manager&#8217;s role in setting ethical standards<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Ethical and Legal Behavior<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>ethics<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ethics<\/strong> are a set of moral standards that govern the conduct of a person. You use ethics to judge whether something is right or wrong.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Martin Shkreli, former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, raised the price of a drug used for newborns and HIV patients by more than 5000 percent, defending the price increase as a \u201cgreat business decision.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Renae Merle, \u201c\u2018Pharma Bro\u2019 Martin Shkreli Goes on Trial, Where He Finds Another Kind of Limelight,\u201d Washington Post, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com, June 27, 2017\" id=\"return-footnote-2919-1\" href=\"#footnote-2919-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Few people would call that ethical behavior.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\">\n<h3>legal behavior<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Legal behavior<\/strong> follows existing laws. In decision making, determining the legality of an action is done by analyzing all the relevant statutes, regulations, and codes. Unlike ethical considerations, there are established penalties for behaving in a way that conflicts with the law.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox example\">\n<h3>The Volkswagen Scandal<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5532 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-300x242.jpg\" alt=\"Volkswagen Tiguan\" width=\"226\" height=\"182\" srcset=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-65x52.jpg 65w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-225x182.jpg 225w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car-350x283.jpg 350w, https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/15\/2023\/02\/20133122\/car.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The car company Volkswagen (VW) indicates\u00a0that one of its core values is honesty, &#8220;We do the right thing out of inner conviction, even if no one is watching.&#8221; <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Volkswagen AG. \u201cThe Volkswagen Group Essentials.\u201d Accessed December 7, 2022. https:\/\/www.volkswagenag.com\/en\/group\/volkswagen-group-essentials.html\" id=\"return-footnote-2919-2\" href=\"#footnote-2919-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In September 2015, the Environmental Protection Agency announced that VW had installed special software in its cars to manipulate emissions levels, making it appear that the cars were less polluting than they are. In fact, the engines emitted nitrogen oxide pollutants up to 40 times what is allowed in the U.S. Those vehicles should not have even entered the U.S.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Hotten, Russell. \u201cVolkswagen: The Scandal Explained.\u201d BBC News. December 10, 2015. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-34324772\" id=\"return-footnote-2919-3\" href=\"#footnote-2919-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A week later, VW disclosed that 11 million diesel vehicles contained the devices, and CEO Martin Winterkorn resigned. The price of VW stock plunged\u2014losing 30 percent of its value overnight\u2014and the company scrambled to understand what had happened and control the damage to its reputation. In the months following the discovery of the deceptive devices, investigators identified a team of VW employees who thought of the plan and implemented it over a number of years. An internal evaluation identified a &#8220;culture of tolerance&#8221; for rule breaking at the company. It also came to light that management&#8217;s emphasis on &#8220;results at any cost&#8221; had contributed to the breach in ethical standards. However, in this case, the breach in ethics was also illegal.<\/p>\n<p>In the following years, VW agreed to civil and criminal sanctions in the U.S. VW plead guilty to fraud and obstructing justice by destroying documents and paid a total of $4.3 billion in fines.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"U.S. Department of Justice. \u201cVolkswagen AG Agrees to Plead Guilty and Pay $4.3 Billion in Criminal and Civil Penalties; Six Volkswagen Executives and Employees Are Indicted in Connection with Conspiracy to Cheat U.S. Emissions Tests,\u201d January 11, 2017. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/volkswagen-ag-agrees-plead-guilty-and-pay-43-billion-criminal-and-civil-penalties-six\" id=\"return-footnote-2919-4\" href=\"#footnote-2919-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Industry experts believe that the company&#8217;s violation of consumers&#8217; trust will be exceedingly difficult to repair\u00a0and that it may take years to rebuild the VW brand.<\/p>\n<p>Even with the widespread publicity of the VW case, other companies like Cummins (makers of engines for Ram trucks) and Stellantis (owner of the Ram brand) were\u00a0 fined in 2024 for similar actions.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2024. \u201cFrequently Asked Questions - Cummins Violation of Clean Air Act Vehicle Emission System Controls Requirements | US EPA.\u201d US EPA. January 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/enforcement\/frequently-asked-questions-cummins-violation-clean-air-act-vehicle-emission-system; Shepardson, David. 2024. \u201cStellantis Unit to Pay $4.2 Million to Resolve California Emissions Probe.\u201d Reuters, December 24, 2024. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/autos-transportation\/stellantis-unit-pay-42-million-resolve-california-emissions-probe-2024-12-24\/\" id=\"return-footnote-2919-5\" href=\"#footnote-2919-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Both legal and ethical behaviors have significant consequences for business as VW experienced. Legal misconduct can result in fines, and (depending on the severity of the misconduct) incarceration of perpetrators. Both legal and ethical misconduct can result in a loss of trust from customers and partners. In this section, you&#8217;ll get an introduction to ethics and learn why this is an especially challenging issue for companies that are trying to &#8220;do the right thing.&#8221;<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm4304\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=4304&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm4304&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"250\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2919-1\">Renae Merle, \u201c\u2018Pharma Bro\u2019 Martin Shkreli Goes on Trial, Where He Finds Another Kind of Limelight,\u201d Washington Post, https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com, June 27, 2017 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2919-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2919-2\">Volkswagen AG. \u201cThe Volkswagen Group Essentials.\u201d Accessed December 7, 2022. https:\/\/www.volkswagenag.com\/en\/group\/volkswagen-group-essentials.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-2919-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2919-3\">Hotten, Russell. \u201cVolkswagen: The Scandal Explained.\u201d BBC News. December 10, 2015. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-34324772 <a href=\"#return-footnote-2919-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2919-4\">U.S. Department of Justice. \u201cVolkswagen AG Agrees to Plead Guilty and Pay $4.3 Billion in Criminal and Civil Penalties; Six Volkswagen Executives and Employees Are Indicted in Connection with Conspiracy to Cheat U.S. Emissions Tests,\u201d January 11, 2017. https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/volkswagen-ag-agrees-plead-guilty-and-pay-43-billion-criminal-and-civil-penalties-six <a href=\"#return-footnote-2919-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2919-5\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2024. \u201cFrequently Asked Questions - Cummins Violation of Clean Air Act Vehicle Emission System Controls Requirements | US EPA.\u201d US EPA. January 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/enforcement\/frequently-asked-questions-cummins-violation-clean-air-act-vehicle-emission-system; Shepardson, David. 2024. \u201cStellantis Unit to Pay $4.2 Million to Resolve California Emissions Probe.\u201d <i>Reuters<\/i>, December 24, 2024. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/autos-transportation\/stellantis-unit-pay-42-million-resolve-california-emissions-probe-2024-12-24\/ <a href=\"#return-footnote-2919-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":21,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Ethical and Legal Behavior\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\"Volkswagen Tiguan\",\"author\":\"Tony Hisgett\",\"organization\":\"Flickr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/hisgett\/5727094938\/in\/photolist-9J5RNb-4gPbq4-38ZWTJ-29v94RS-9J2Y6H-4gPbjT-9J5T6J-2mmiKs7-28oFCKL-222HGq4-gLPZ82-7CJDb3-2joKMGr-27b8yoS-24c2YSm-WJUBBr-jKHYhb-qrYPmJ-258ABym-bWywAL-ztWzh5-JP9xvD-L9MBak-9gG2xH-21X4xcm-9hiB1y-9gG2ng-udvFf-f7PkWv-9gK7nY-zMrAQD-udvxL-ax8BBm-S3wwok-udvjf-RPVvXG-ZpvCA4-9hkMWF-9k52ND-zLx6A4-zMrDCT-ax8BB7-Gy8RZR-RX6TnV-sqQvGQ-cjj8qC-2niKTin-JAiF8H-HvWGVn-2hiQNy4\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":2916,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"original","description":"Ethical and Legal Behavior","author":"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning","organization":"","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc-attribution","description":"Volkswagen Tiguan","author":"Tony Hisgett","organization":"Flickr","url":"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/hisgett\/5727094938\/in\/photolist-9J5RNb-4gPbq4-38ZWTJ-29v94RS-9J2Y6H-4gPbjT-9J5T6J-2mmiKs7-28oFCKL-222HGq4-gLPZ82-7CJDb3-2joKMGr-27b8yoS-24c2YSm-WJUBBr-jKHYhb-qrYPmJ-258ABym-bWywAL-ztWzh5-JP9xvD-L9MBak-9gG2xH-21X4xcm-9hiB1y-9gG2ng-udvFf-f7PkWv-9gK7nY-zMrAQD-udvxL-ax8BBm-S3wwok-udvjf-RPVvXG-ZpvCA4-9hkMWF-9k52ND-zLx6A4-zMrDCT-ax8BB7-Gy8RZR-RX6TnV-sqQvGQ-cjj8qC-2niKTin-JAiF8H-HvWGVn-2hiQNy4","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2919"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2919\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9417,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2919\/revisions\/9417"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2916"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2919\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2919"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2919"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2919"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/introductiontobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}