{"id":790,"date":"2025-04-18T22:50:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T22:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=790"},"modified":"2025-06-26T20:44:15","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T20:44:15","slug":"punctuation-learn-it-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/punctuation-learn-it-3\/","title":{"raw":"Punctuation: Learn It 3","rendered":"Punctuation: Learn It 3"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Dashes<\/h2>\r\nThere are two types of dashes\u2014em dashes and en dashes.\r\n<h3>The Em-dash<\/h3>\r\nThe dash functions (like a colon) to add emphasis to the preceding material.\u00a0 In effect, a dash allows you to redefine what was just written, making it more explicit. You can also use a pair of dashes in place of parentheses, to frame an interruptive or parenthetical-type comment that you do not want to de-emphasize.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1769\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"220\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1769\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172125\/em-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"123\" \/> <strong>Figure 2 <\/strong>. An em dash.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nJill Emery confirms that Muslim populations have typically been ruled by non-Muslims\u2014specifically Americans, Russians, Israelis, and the French. (The em dash here gives extra emphasis to the examples of non-Muslims (American, Russians, Israelis, and the French).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The dissolution took 20 minutes\u2014much longer than anticipated\u2014but measurements were begun as soon as the process was completed. (The pair of em dashes here work like parentheses to add emphasis to the fact that 20 minutes was much longer than anticipated.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">There is no \"dash\" button on a computer keyboard. Instead, create it by typing the hyphen button twice in a row; or use the \"symbol\" option in your word processor; or use the Mac shortcut option + shift + \u2014.<\/section>\r\n<h3>The En-dash<\/h3>\r\nThere is also an \u201cen dash\u201d\u2014whose length is that of an N, between that of the hyphen and the em dash, and it's best used with dates and numbers. It\u00a0can also be used for flight or train routes.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1770\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"220\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1770\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172226\/en-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. An en dash.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nJuly 6\u2013September 17\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The date range began on July 6 and ended on September 17.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Barack Obama (1961\u2013)\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates the year the former president was born as well as the fact he is still alive.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">pp. 148\u201356\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates pages 148 through 156. With number ranges, you can remove the first digit of the second number if it\u2019s the same as the first number\u2019s.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The London\u2013Paris train will be running thirty minutes late today.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">This indicates that the departing location is London and the destination location is Paris.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">Like the em dash, the en dash is not on the standard computer keyboard. \u00a0Select it from word processor\u2019s symbol map (or if you have a Mac, you can type <strong>option<\/strong> +\u00a0<strong>-<\/strong>), or it may even be inserted automatically by your word processor when you type inclusive numbers or dates with a hyphen between them. In most contexts, a hyphen can serve as an en dash, but in professional publications\u2014especially in the humanities\u2014an en dash is correct.<\/section>When you type the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, no spaces should appear on either side of the punctuation mark.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]34347[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34348[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34349[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>Dashes<\/h2>\n<p>There are two types of dashes\u2014em dashes and en dashes.<\/p>\n<h3>The Em-dash<\/h3>\n<p>The dash functions (like a colon) to add emphasis to the preceding material.\u00a0 In effect, a dash allows you to redefine what was just written, making it more explicit. You can also use a pair of dashes in place of parentheses, to frame an interruptive or parenthetical-type comment that you do not want to de-emphasize.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_1769\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1769\" style=\"width: 220px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1769\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172125\/em-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"123\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2 <\/strong>. An em dash.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Jill Emery confirms that Muslim populations have typically been ruled by non-Muslims\u2014specifically Americans, Russians, Israelis, and the French. (The em dash here gives extra emphasis to the examples of non-Muslims (American, Russians, Israelis, and the French).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The dissolution took 20 minutes\u2014much longer than anticipated\u2014but measurements were begun as soon as the process was completed. (The pair of em dashes here work like parentheses to add emphasis to the fact that 20 minutes was much longer than anticipated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">There is no &#8220;dash&#8221; button on a computer keyboard. Instead, create it by typing the hyphen button twice in a row; or use the &#8220;symbol&#8221; option in your word processor; or use the Mac shortcut option + shift + \u2014.<\/section>\n<h3>The En-dash<\/h3>\n<p>There is also an \u201cen dash\u201d\u2014whose length is that of an N, between that of the hyphen and the em dash, and it&#8217;s best used with dates and numbers. It\u00a0can also be used for flight or train routes.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_1770\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1770\" style=\"width: 220px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1770\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172226\/en-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. An en dash.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>July 6\u2013September 17<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The date range began on July 6 and ended on September 17.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Barack Obama (1961\u2013)\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates the year the former president was born as well as the fact he is still alive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">pp. 148\u201356\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates pages 148 through 156. With number ranges, you can remove the first digit of the second number if it\u2019s the same as the first number\u2019s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The London\u2013Paris train will be running thirty minutes late today.\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">This indicates that the departing location is London and the destination location is Paris.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">Like the em dash, the en dash is not on the standard computer keyboard. \u00a0Select it from word processor\u2019s symbol map (or if you have a Mac, you can type <strong>option<\/strong> +\u00a0<strong>&#8211;<\/strong>), or it may even be inserted automatically by your word processor when you type inclusive numbers or dates with a hyphen between them. In most contexts, a hyphen can serve as an en dash, but in professional publications\u2014especially in the humanities\u2014an en dash is correct.<\/section>\n<p>When you type the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, no spaces should appear on either side of the punctuation mark.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34347\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34347&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34347&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34348\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34348&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34348&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34349\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34349&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34349&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":180,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/790"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/790\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2285,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/790\/revisions\/2285"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/180"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/790\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=790"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=790"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=790"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=790"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}