{"id":338,"date":"2025-04-17T16:35:57","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/nouns\/"},"modified":"2025-07-25T22:53:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T22:53:04","slug":"nouns","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/nouns\/","title":{"raw":"Nouns and Pronouns: Learn It 1","rendered":"Nouns and Pronouns: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Identify and use different types of nouns<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Identify and correctly use pronouns<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Correctly match pronouns and antecedents<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>What are Nouns?<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>nouns<\/h3>\r\nNouns refer to\u00a0<strong>things<\/strong>\u2014the names of people\u00a0(Dr. Sanders, lawyers), places (Kansas, factory, home), things (scissors, sheet music, book), or ideas (love, truth, beauty, intelligence).\r\n\r\n<\/section>Let\u2019s take a look at each of these types of nouns and how they need to be treated grammatically.\r\n<h3>Proper Nouns<\/h3>\r\nA\u00a0<strong>proper noun<\/strong> refers to a specific person, place, organization, etc. Proper nouns are capitalized because they are specific nouns.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Some examples of proper nouns are Steven (the name), Apple (the company), New York (the state), and the Pittsburgh Steelers (the Pennsylvanian football team).<\/section>The capitalization rule also applies to adjectives that are based on proper nouns:\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<h3>Adjectives based on Proper nouns<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>It can be difficult to understand Shakespearian language.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>After her encounter with Lukas, Elisa\u00a0vowed to never date Swiss\u00a0men.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf you're talking about\u00a0<em>swiss cheese<\/em>,\u00a0<em>pasteurized milk<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>french fries<\/em>, these adjectives are lowercase. They have a nonliteral meaning: the cheese isn't really from Switzerland, Louie Pasteur didn't treat the milk himself, and\u00a0the fries aren't really from France.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>I love to eat french fries with swiss cheese. Is that strange?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3>Common Nouns<\/h3>\r\nA\u00a0<strong>common noun<\/strong>\u00a0refers to a general group or class of people, places, objects, etc.\u00a0Common nouns are generic words, like <em>tissue<\/em> or\u00a0<em>watch<\/em>. They are always lowercase (unless they\u00a0begin a sentence).\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>common noun:\u00a0girl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>proper noun: Esther<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNouns can be concrete (people, places, things that you can touch, see, hear) but they can also be abstract concepts like love, justice, and time.\r\n<h3>Verbal Nouns<\/h3>\r\nA verbal noun is a type of noun that is derived from a verb. It looks like a verb but actually functions in a sentence like a noun.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Running from zombies is hard work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jogging is a good exercise that will help you prepare, but you have to do it every day.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>We had a meeting to compare our zombie action plans.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>Verbal nouns and something called <strong>gerunds<\/strong> (a form of a verb or verb phrase that functions as a noun phrase and subject in a sentence) are very similar. In fact, the first two examples above are examples of verbal nouns that are also gerunds. But a verbal noun can be more than a gerund. In the last example, the word meeting is functioning like a noun but isn\u2019t a noun phrase that\u2019s the subject of a sentence.\r\n\r\nIt can certainly get a little confusing, and even the grammar experts disagree sometimes about the differences between verbal nouns and gerunds. The key thing for you to remember is that, when we are talking about nouns, verbs can sometimes function in your sentences like nouns.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2342\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2342 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2484\/2016\/07\/27204317\/image2-300x169.png\" alt=\"Two images: on the left, a drawing of Bigfoot. On the right, a photo of a girl holding a big shoe.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Let's look at the legend of Bigfoot as an example. The famous Bigfoot on the left is a humanoid figure that apparently lives in the Pacific Northwest forests and is an example of a compound noun. On the right, you would have to have a big foot to wear that shoe.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Compound Nouns<\/h3>\r\nA <strong>compound noun<\/strong> is a noun that is the result of joining together two other words (such as tooth and paste, making toothpaste).\r\n\r\nA compound noun acts like one word, despite being a combination of two. Sometimes compound nouns are combined with no space (such as daydream); sometimes they retain the space (such as vacuum cleaner); and sometimes they use a hyphen (such as dry-cleaning).\r\n\r\nIf you\u2019re ever in doubt whether a compound should be closed (no space), hyphenated (with a hyphen), or open (with a space), dictionaries are your best reference.\r\n\r\nThe process of making compound nouns plural has its own set of rules to follow. We pluralize (make plural) the primary noun of the compound.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">fisherman \u2192 fishermen (the main noun is man)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">blackbird \u2192 blackbirds (the main noun is bird)<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">brother-in-law \u2192 brothers-in-law (the main noun is brothers)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>If the word doesn\u2019t have a primary noun (such as hand-me-down), we simply add s (hand-me-downs).\r\n\r\nSome compound nouns differ in writing style depending on who you ask, while others are recently developed, such as e-mail being shortened further to email.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]34505[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34506[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>We\u2019ve covered different kinds of nouns. Now, let\u2019s turn to two situations that make using nouns tricky: subject\/verb agreement with collective nouns and pluralizing nouns.\r\n<h3>Collective Nouns<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n\r\nSubject\/verb agreement can get tricky when it comes to collective nouns. Collective nouns are nouns such as\u00a0family,\u00a0team, and\u00a0majority. We have to make a decision about whether these nouns are singular or plural so that we can choose verbs that will agree with these nouns.\r\n\r\nThere are no hard and fast rules. The verb you choose to agree with the collective noun actually depends upon how you want your readers to perceive the noun. Is it a single unit or a group of individuals? Even then, it depends upon context.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\r\n\r\nTake the collective noun\u00a0family, for example.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0<strong>family have<\/strong>\u00a0all gone their separate ways since Grandma died.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHere, because each member went his or her separate way, the collective noun\u00a0family\u00a0functions as a group of individuals; therefore, you would use a plural verb (have) instead of a singular verb. Let\u2019s look at another example.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The whole\u00a0family is\u00a0coming to my house for Thanksgiving this year. I had better learn to cook a turkey.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nHere, the family is seen as a single unit, so you would need a singular verb (is).\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\nThe key is to think about how you might perceive the collective noun and consider how it\u2019s used in the sentence.\r\n<h3>Count vs. Non-count Nouns<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Count nouns<\/strong> are nouns that can be counted. Count nouns can be associated with a numerical value (i.e., <em>three<\/em> whales) in both its singular and plural forms (one fox, two foxes). In some cases, the number can be replaced by the words a, an, or the (a fox, an owl, the squirrel).\r\n\r\nIf a noun cannot have a numerical value nor a plural form, it is called a <strong>non-count<\/strong> or <strong>mass noun<\/strong>. A person can give another person advice, but they cannot give three advices, because advice has no quantity. Other examples of non-count nouns include nouns like weather, happiness, homework, furniture, thunder, etc. You will know that something is a non-count noun if it sounds weird when you try to pluralize it by adding an -s to the end. For example, you can't have \"furnitures\" or \"thunders,\" but you can have \"pieces of furniture\" or \"claps of thunder.\"\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<h3>Is it less or Fewer? Many or Much?<\/h3>\r\nThe adjectives\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> are both used to indicate a smaller amount of the noun they modify. <em>Many<\/em> and\u00a0<em>much<\/em> are used to indicate a large amount of something. People often use these pairs of words interchangeably; however, the words\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> and\u00a0<em>many<\/em>\u00a0are used with count nouns, while\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>much<\/em>\u00a0are used with non-count nouns:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The pet daycare has <strong>fewer<\/strong> dogs than cats this week.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Next time you make these cookies, you should use <strong>less<\/strong> sugar.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Many<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine whether a poem is complete or not.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There's too <strong>much<\/strong> goodness in her heart.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou may have noticed that <em>much<\/em> has followed the adverb\u00a0<em>too<\/em> in this example (<em>too much<\/em>). This is because\u00a0you rarely find <em>much<\/em> by itself. You don't really hear people say things like \"Now, please leave me alone; I have <em>much<\/em> research to do.\"\u00a0The phrase\u00a0\"a lot of\" has taken its place in current English: \"I have a lot of research to do.\"\u00a0<em>A lot of<\/em>\u00a0can be used in the place of either <em>many<\/em> or <em>much<\/em>:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>A lot of<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine whether a poem is finished or not.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There's <strong>a lot of<\/strong>\u00a0goodness in her heart.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Identify and use different types of nouns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Identify and correctly use pronouns<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Correctly match pronouns and antecedents<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>What are Nouns?<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>nouns<\/h3>\n<p>Nouns refer to\u00a0<strong>things<\/strong>\u2014the names of people\u00a0(Dr. Sanders, lawyers), places (Kansas, factory, home), things (scissors, sheet music, book), or ideas (love, truth, beauty, intelligence).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Let\u2019s take a look at each of these types of nouns and how they need to be treated grammatically.<\/p>\n<h3>Proper Nouns<\/h3>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>proper noun<\/strong> refers to a specific person, place, organization, etc. Proper nouns are capitalized because they are specific nouns.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Some examples of proper nouns are Steven (the name), Apple (the company), New York (the state), and the Pittsburgh Steelers (the Pennsylvanian football team).<\/section>\n<p>The capitalization rule also applies to adjectives that are based on proper nouns:<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<h3>Adjectives based on Proper nouns<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It can be difficult to understand Shakespearian language.<\/li>\n<li>After her encounter with Lukas, Elisa\u00a0vowed to never date Swiss\u00a0men.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you&#8217;re talking about\u00a0<em>swiss cheese<\/em>,\u00a0<em>pasteurized milk<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>french fries<\/em>, these adjectives are lowercase. They have a nonliteral meaning: the cheese isn&#8217;t really from Switzerland, Louie Pasteur didn&#8217;t treat the milk himself, and\u00a0the fries aren&#8217;t really from France.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I love to eat french fries with swiss cheese. Is that strange?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Common Nouns<\/h3>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>common noun<\/strong>\u00a0refers to a general group or class of people, places, objects, etc.\u00a0Common nouns are generic words, like <em>tissue<\/em> or\u00a0<em>watch<\/em>. They are always lowercase (unless they\u00a0begin a sentence).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>common noun:\u00a0girl<\/li>\n<li>proper noun: Esther<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nouns can be concrete (people, places, things that you can touch, see, hear) but they can also be abstract concepts like love, justice, and time.<\/p>\n<h3>Verbal Nouns<\/h3>\n<p>A verbal noun is a type of noun that is derived from a verb. It looks like a verb but actually functions in a sentence like a noun.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<ul>\n<li>Running from zombies is hard work.<\/li>\n<li>Jogging is a good exercise that will help you prepare, but you have to do it every day.<\/li>\n<li>We had a meeting to compare our zombie action plans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>Verbal nouns and something called <strong>gerunds<\/strong> (a form of a verb or verb phrase that functions as a noun phrase and subject in a sentence) are very similar. In fact, the first two examples above are examples of verbal nouns that are also gerunds. But a verbal noun can be more than a gerund. In the last example, the word meeting is functioning like a noun but isn\u2019t a noun phrase that\u2019s the subject of a sentence.<\/p>\n<p>It can certainly get a little confusing, and even the grammar experts disagree sometimes about the differences between verbal nouns and gerunds. The key thing for you to remember is that, when we are talking about nouns, verbs can sometimes function in your sentences like nouns.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2342\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2342 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2484\/2016\/07\/27204317\/image2-300x169.png\" alt=\"Two images: on the left, a drawing of Bigfoot. On the right, a photo of a girl holding a big shoe.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Let&#8217;s look at the legend of Bigfoot as an example. The famous Bigfoot on the left is a humanoid figure that apparently lives in the Pacific Northwest forests and is an example of a compound noun. On the right, you would have to have a big foot to wear that shoe.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Compound Nouns<\/h3>\n<p>A <strong>compound noun<\/strong> is a noun that is the result of joining together two other words (such as tooth and paste, making toothpaste).<\/p>\n<p>A compound noun acts like one word, despite being a combination of two. Sometimes compound nouns are combined with no space (such as daydream); sometimes they retain the space (such as vacuum cleaner); and sometimes they use a hyphen (such as dry-cleaning).<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re ever in doubt whether a compound should be closed (no space), hyphenated (with a hyphen), or open (with a space), dictionaries are your best reference.<\/p>\n<p>The process of making compound nouns plural has its own set of rules to follow. We pluralize (make plural) the primary noun of the compound.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">fisherman \u2192 fishermen (the main noun is man)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">blackbird \u2192 blackbirds (the main noun is bird)<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">brother-in-law \u2192 brothers-in-law (the main noun is brothers)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<p>If the word doesn\u2019t have a primary noun (such as hand-me-down), we simply add s (hand-me-downs).<\/p>\n<p>Some compound nouns differ in writing style depending on who you ask, while others are recently developed, such as e-mail being shortened further to email.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34505\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34505&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34505&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34506\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34506&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34506&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<p>We\u2019ve covered different kinds of nouns. Now, let\u2019s turn to two situations that make using nouns tricky: subject\/verb agreement with collective nouns and pluralizing nouns.<\/p>\n<h3>Collective Nouns<\/h3>\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<p>Subject\/verb agreement can get tricky when it comes to collective nouns. Collective nouns are nouns such as\u00a0family,\u00a0team, and\u00a0majority. We have to make a decision about whether these nouns are singular or plural so that we can choose verbs that will agree with these nouns.<\/p>\n<p>There are no hard and fast rules. The verb you choose to agree with the collective noun actually depends upon how you want your readers to perceive the noun. Is it a single unit or a group of individuals? Even then, it depends upon context.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<div class=\"purple-example shorten\">\n<p>Take the collective noun\u00a0family, for example.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0<strong>family have<\/strong>\u00a0all gone their separate ways since Grandma died.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here, because each member went his or her separate way, the collective noun\u00a0family\u00a0functions as a group of individuals; therefore, you would use a plural verb (have) instead of a singular verb. Let\u2019s look at another example.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The whole\u00a0family is\u00a0coming to my house for Thanksgiving this year. I had better learn to cook a turkey.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here, the family is seen as a single unit, so you would need a singular verb (is).<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p>The key is to think about how you might perceive the collective noun and consider how it\u2019s used in the sentence.<\/p>\n<h3>Count vs. Non-count Nouns<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Count nouns<\/strong> are nouns that can be counted. Count nouns can be associated with a numerical value (i.e., <em>three<\/em> whales) in both its singular and plural forms (one fox, two foxes). In some cases, the number can be replaced by the words a, an, or the (a fox, an owl, the squirrel).<\/p>\n<p>If a noun cannot have a numerical value nor a plural form, it is called a <strong>non-count<\/strong> or <strong>mass noun<\/strong>. A person can give another person advice, but they cannot give three advices, because advice has no quantity. Other examples of non-count nouns include nouns like weather, happiness, homework, furniture, thunder, etc. You will know that something is a non-count noun if it sounds weird when you try to pluralize it by adding an -s to the end. For example, you can&#8217;t have &#8220;furnitures&#8221; or &#8220;thunders,&#8221; but you can have &#8220;pieces of furniture&#8221; or &#8220;claps of thunder.&#8221;<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<h3>Is it less or Fewer? Many or Much?<\/h3>\n<p>The adjectives\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> are both used to indicate a smaller amount of the noun they modify. <em>Many<\/em> and\u00a0<em>much<\/em> are used to indicate a large amount of something. People often use these pairs of words interchangeably; however, the words\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> and\u00a0<em>many<\/em>\u00a0are used with count nouns, while\u00a0<em>less<\/em> and\u00a0<em>much<\/em>\u00a0are used with non-count nouns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The pet daycare has <strong>fewer<\/strong> dogs than cats this week.<\/li>\n<li>Next time you make these cookies, you should use <strong>less<\/strong> sugar.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Many<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine whether a poem is complete or not.<\/li>\n<li>There&#8217;s too <strong>much<\/strong> goodness in her heart.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may have noticed that <em>much<\/em> has followed the adverb\u00a0<em>too<\/em> in this example (<em>too much<\/em>). This is because\u00a0you rarely find <em>much<\/em> by itself. You don&#8217;t really hear people say things like &#8220;Now, please leave me alone; I have <em>much<\/em> research to do.&#8221;\u00a0The phrase\u00a0&#8220;a lot of&#8221; has taken its place in current English: &#8220;I have a lot of research to do.&#8221;\u00a0<em>A lot of<\/em>\u00a0can be used in the place of either <em>many<\/em> or <em>much<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A lot of<\/strong>\u00a0poets\u00a0struggle\u00a0when they try to determine whether a poem is finished or not.<\/li>\n<li>There&#8217;s <strong>a lot of<\/strong>\u00a0goodness in her heart.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Text: Pluralization\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of two men\",\"author\":\"Gregor Cresnar\",\"organization\":\"The Noun 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