{"id":320,"date":"2025-04-17T16:35:50","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:35:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/what-needs-citing\/"},"modified":"2025-07-25T22:26:37","modified_gmt":"2025-07-25T22:26:37","slug":"what-needs-citing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/what-needs-citing\/","title":{"raw":"Writing Ethically: Learn It 4","rendered":"Writing Ethically: Learn It 4"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Know What Needs a Citation<\/h2>\r\nThe key to avoiding plagiarism is to make sure you give credit where credit is due. This may be credit for something somebody said, wrote, emailed, drew, or implied. You need to give credit to the creator of any of the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Any words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person face-to-face, over the phone, or in writing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any media, including diagrams, illustrations, images, charts, pictures, audio, or video that you reprint, reuse, or report<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUltimately, you must cite any source of information you use in your paper that doesn't originate with you. You do <strong>NOT<\/strong> need to cite:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>your own words, ideas, and opinions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>common knowledge and facts<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Examples of common knowledge or facts include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Basic facts: there are 365 days in a year, the earth orbits the sun, the molecular structure of water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O), etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Very well-known quotes: \"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\" or \"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.\" You still have to use quotation marks and indicate who said the quote (Romeo in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, and John F. Kennedy, respectively), but you do not need to include the source in your bibliography.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">Decide what counts as common knowledge in the following activity.[embed]https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290979691040930878[\/embed]\r\n\r\nWhat of these following facts needs a citation?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>86% of internet users have taken steps online to remove or mask their digital footprints.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Supreme Court ruling for Brown v. the Board of Education states, \"Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional.\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Paris is the Capital of France.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States of America.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>52,950 unaccompanied homeless youth were supported through school-based programs in 2008-09.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"921068\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"921068\"]1, 2, and 6 need citations. The others can be considered common knowledge or facts.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Citation Versus Copyright<\/h2>\r\nIssues of citation go beyond just plagiarism. Anytime you pull in outside resources into your writing (or into a presentation or project of any sort), you should properly cite outside materials. Sometimes, citing outside works is not sufficient, and there are materials you are not permitted to use at all\u2014materials that are copyrighted.\r\n\r\nWhile plagiarism and copyright each address the legitimacy of copying, they differ in important ways.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>copyright<\/h3>\r\n<b>Copyright<\/b>\u00a0is a form of legal protection automatically provided to the authors of \u201coriginal works of authorship,\u201d including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.\r\n\r\nU.S. copyright law generally gives the author\/creator or owner of an original creative work an exclusive right to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Reproduce (copy) or distribute the original work to the public (e.g., create and sell copies of a film)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Create new works based upon the original work (e.g., make a movie based on a book)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Perform or display the work publicly (e.g., perform a play)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nUnder copyright, original works are\u00a0under copyright protection from the moment of creation. Typically, copyright protection extends for 50-100 years after the creator of the work dies.\r\n\r\n<\/section>Copyright law permits individuals to make copies under certain conditions, but violating certain copyright rules is copyright infringement. You can\u2019t avoid a copyright infringement claim just by citing your sources (though it may still be the right thing to do). If you violate one or more of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner, the copyright owner can bring a claim against you for copyright infringement. They could potentially prosecute, issue a cease-and-desist letter or takedown notice, or sue.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, U.S. Copyright Law applies to works found on the Internet. Many of the works you find online are protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice. Your ability to access copyrighted materials on the Internet does not necessarily mean that you have the right to use, reuse, and\/or distribute the works in any manner you wish. It is important to respect copyright, whether the works are in a physical or digital format.\r\n\r\nThere are several limits on copyrights; we'll look at a few\u2014fair use, public domain works, and openly licensed materials.\r\n<h2>Fair Use<\/h2>\r\n<b>Fair Use<\/b>\u00a0allows the public to use portions of copyrighted work without permission from the copyright owner.\r\n\r\nAre you incorporating any materials in your research final product that were created by someone else, such as images or text from other works? These materials could be protected by copyright. For example, content you find online, text, books, movies, songs, email, images, and videos are most likely copyrighted. <strong>Fortunately, U.S. copyright law includes an exception that allows you to use copyrighted work in your assignments for class.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nHowever, if you would like to share your research product outside of the classroom (such as on a webpage, blog, or in your portfolio), you will need permission from the copyright owner(s) unless your use is covered under another statutory exception. Fair use is one such exception, and it can apply to a wide variety of uses.\r\n\r\nTo decide whether a use is considered fair use, courts look at four factors:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\"><strong data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"122\">Purpose and Character of the Use<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Fair use favors uses that are <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"173\">non-commercial<\/strong> (e.g., classroom use) or <strong data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"217\">transformative<\/strong>, meaning they repurpose the original work in a new way, such as:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Altering the original work to create something new or serve a different function\u2014common in parody, commentary, or creative reinterpretation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Using the work in its original form but for a different purpose than originally intended\u2014common in education, research, or analysis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"661\"><strong data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"524\">Nature of the Original Work<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"661\">Use of published, factual, or less creative works is more likely to be fair use than unpublished or highly creative works.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"813\"><strong data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"695\">Amount and Substantiality<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"813\">Using a small portion of the work\u2014especially if it's not the \"heart\" of the work\u2014is more likely to be fair use.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"941\"><strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"842\">Effect on the Market<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"941\">Fair use is less likely if your use could replace the original or hurt its market value.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWhen considering whether a proposed use of a copyrighted work may qualify as fair use, you must weigh all four factors together. Each factor is equally important.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">YouTube and other hosting sites will usually flag and remove copyrighted content. This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7pNvoXwsHWw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from vidIQ explains if and when it's okay to use copyrighted music<\/a> in a YouTube video. In short, the answer is that it's not a good idea. Instead, find public domain or openly sourced music. YouTube offers a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/audiolibrary-channel\/playlists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">library of free music<\/a>, or you can search the Internet for public domain or openly licensed music.\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"686757\"]Video Transcript[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"686757\"]You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Can+You+Legally+Use+Copyright+Music+On+YouTube%3F_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cCan You Legally Use Copyright Music On YouTube?\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a>[\/hidden-answer]<\/section>\r\n<h3>Public Domain<\/h3>\r\n<b>Public Domain<\/b> works can be freely used by anyone, for commercial or non-commercial purposes, and without permission from the original copyright owner\/author. Public domain status allows the user unrestricted access and unlimited creativity! These works may be designated for free and unlimited public access, or they may no longer be covered by copyright law because the copyright status has expired or been forfeited by the owner.\r\n<h3>What Is Licensing?<\/h3>\r\nLicensing is when a copyright owner gives permission for someone else to do something normally restricted by copyright law. For example, the creator of a song may license a song to an advertising agency, allowing the ad company to use parts of her song in a television commercial in exchange for compensation.\r\n\r\nSometimes a creator may want to give\u00a0<i>everybody<\/i> permission to make copies of his or her work. For example, some musicians want fans to make copies and share their songs, so they license their songs in a way that gives others explicit permission to copy and share them. One increasingly common set of licenses that exist for this purpose is Creative Commons licenses.\r\n<h3>Creative Commons Licensing<\/h3>\r\nNot everyone wants to lock up their creativity behind the protection of copyright; many people want their work to be freely shared and even built upon. When these works are released for educational purposes, they are called Open Educational Resources, or OER.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons<\/a>\u00a0(CC) was developed out of the desire to make it easier to share and use copyrighted works. Creative Commons allows a creator to grant licenses to their work that could include the ability to share, adapt, and\/or use material for commercial purposes without having to ask for permission. The creators still own the copyright, but they proactively decide to let others use their works under certain conditions.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">Many websites include CC-licensed works. You can search them to find materials that you can freely use in creating your own work, provided that you comply with the terms of the license. You can also upload your own CC-licensed works to share with others. Examples include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/search\/?license=1,2,3,4,5,6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/creativecommons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/thenounproject.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Noun Project<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia\u2019s Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nCiting openly licensed materials, whether they're images, videos, or textbooks, is often referred to as \"attribution\" in the OER world. To \"attribute\" something, you are giving credit. It's the same idea as \"citing\"\u2014just a different term for it. Citing OER is done by following the licensing requirements and including as much information as you can about the source.\r\n\r\nThe basic attribution format is:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Title -- Author -- License<\/p>\r\nYou may want to use the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attrib-builder\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Attribution Builder<\/a>\u00a0form from Open Washington to help you build consistent and concise attributions for citing open material you find and use, or to attribute yourself when you create something and want to share. The builder includes both CC licenses and public domain designations.\r\n\r\nYou may also cite OER in MLA or APA format. To do so, you would follow the traditional citation structure and add the licensing information to the end. For example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Claypool, R. (2012, October\u00a05).\u00a0<em>Flamingo\u00a0<\/em>[Photograph]. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/dh7axD. CC BY license.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]40605[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]40606[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<h2>Know What Needs a Citation<\/h2>\n<p>The key to avoiding plagiarism is to make sure you give credit where credit is due. This may be credit for something somebody said, wrote, emailed, drew, or implied. You need to give credit to the creator of any of the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Any words or ideas presented in a magazine, book, newspaper, song, TV program, movie, web page, computer program, letter, advertisement, or any other medium<\/li>\n<li>Information you gain through interviewing or conversing with another person face-to-face, over the phone, or in writing<\/li>\n<li>Any media, including diagrams, illustrations, images, charts, pictures, audio, or video that you reprint, reuse, or report<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ultimately, you must cite any source of information you use in your paper that doesn&#8217;t originate with you. You do <strong>NOT<\/strong> need to cite:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>your own words, ideas, and opinions<\/li>\n<li>common knowledge and facts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Examples of common knowledge or facts include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Basic facts: there are 365 days in a year, the earth orbits the sun, the molecular structure of water (H<sub>2<\/sub>O), etc.<\/li>\n<li>Very well-known quotes: &#8220;A rose by any other name would smell as sweet&#8221; or &#8220;ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.&#8221; You still have to use quotation marks and indicate who said the quote (Romeo in Shakespeare&#8217;s Romeo and Juliet, and John F. Kennedy, respectively), but you do not need to include the source in your bibliography.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">Decide what counts as common knowledge in the following activity.<iframe id=\"oembed-1\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" title=\"OWL: Try It Out: Common Knowledge\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290979691040930878\/embed?feature=oembed#?secret=zDDMsbIYIU\" data-secret=\"zDDMsbIYIU\" width=\"500\" height=\"320\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>What of these following facts needs a citation?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>86% of internet users have taken steps online to remove or mask their digital footprints.<\/li>\n<li>The Supreme Court ruling for Brown v. the Board of Education states, &#8220;Racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>Paris is the Capital of France.<\/li>\n<li>Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States of America.<\/li>\n<li>Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.<\/li>\n<li>52,950 unaccompanied homeless youth were supported through school-based programs in 2008-09.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q921068\">Show Answer<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q921068\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">1, 2, and 6 need citations. The others can be considered common knowledge or facts.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Citation Versus Copyright<\/h2>\n<p>Issues of citation go beyond just plagiarism. Anytime you pull in outside resources into your writing (or into a presentation or project of any sort), you should properly cite outside materials. Sometimes, citing outside works is not sufficient, and there are materials you are not permitted to use at all\u2014materials that are copyrighted.<\/p>\n<p>While plagiarism and copyright each address the legitimacy of copying, they differ in important ways.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>copyright<\/h3>\n<p><b>Copyright<\/b>\u00a0is a form of legal protection automatically provided to the authors of \u201coriginal works of authorship,\u201d including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.<\/p>\n<p>U.S. copyright law generally gives the author\/creator or owner of an original creative work an exclusive right to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reproduce (copy) or distribute the original work to the public (e.g., create and sell copies of a film)<\/li>\n<li>Create new works based upon the original work (e.g., make a movie based on a book)<\/li>\n<li>Perform or display the work publicly (e.g., perform a play)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Under copyright, original works are\u00a0under copyright protection from the moment of creation. Typically, copyright protection extends for 50-100 years after the creator of the work dies.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Copyright law permits individuals to make copies under certain conditions, but violating certain copyright rules is copyright infringement. You can\u2019t avoid a copyright infringement claim just by citing your sources (though it may still be the right thing to do). If you violate one or more of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner, the copyright owner can bring a claim against you for copyright infringement. They could potentially prosecute, issue a cease-and-desist letter or takedown notice, or sue.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, U.S. Copyright Law applies to works found on the Internet. Many of the works you find online are protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice. Your ability to access copyrighted materials on the Internet does not necessarily mean that you have the right to use, reuse, and\/or distribute the works in any manner you wish. It is important to respect copyright, whether the works are in a physical or digital format.<\/p>\n<p>There are several limits on copyrights; we&#8217;ll look at a few\u2014fair use, public domain works, and openly licensed materials.<\/p>\n<h2>Fair Use<\/h2>\n<p><b>Fair Use<\/b>\u00a0allows the public to use portions of copyrighted work without permission from the copyright owner.<\/p>\n<p>Are you incorporating any materials in your research final product that were created by someone else, such as images or text from other works? These materials could be protected by copyright. For example, content you find online, text, books, movies, songs, email, images, and videos are most likely copyrighted. <strong>Fortunately, U.S. copyright law includes an exception that allows you to use copyrighted work in your assignments for class.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>However, if you would like to share your research product outside of the classroom (such as on a webpage, blog, or in your portfolio), you will need permission from the copyright owner(s) unless your use is covered under another statutory exception. Fair use is one such exception, and it can apply to a wide variety of uses.<\/p>\n<p>To decide whether a use is considered fair use, courts look at four factors:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\"><strong data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"122\">Purpose and Character of the Use<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Fair use favors uses that are <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"173\">non-commercial<\/strong> (e.g., classroom use) or <strong data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"217\">transformative<\/strong>, meaning they repurpose the original work in a new way, such as:\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Altering the original work to create something new or serve a different function\u2014common in parody, commentary, or creative reinterpretation.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"273\">Using the work in its original form but for a different purpose than originally intended\u2014common in education, research, or analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"661\"><strong data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"524\">Nature of the Original Work<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"661\">Use of published, factual, or less creative works is more likely to be fair use than unpublished or highly creative works.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"813\"><strong data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"695\">Amount and Substantiality<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"663\" data-end=\"813\">Using a small portion of the work\u2014especially if it&#8217;s not the &#8220;heart&#8221; of the work\u2014is more likely to be fair use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"941\"><strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"842\">Effect on the Market<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"941\">Fair use is less likely if your use could replace the original or hurt its market value.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>When considering whether a proposed use of a copyrighted work may qualify as fair use, you must weigh all four factors together. Each factor is equally important.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">YouTube and other hosting sites will usually flag and remove copyrighted content. This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7pNvoXwsHWw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from vidIQ explains if and when it&#8217;s okay to use copyrighted music<\/a> in a YouTube video. In short, the answer is that it&#8217;s not a good idea. Instead, find public domain or openly sourced music. YouTube offers a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/c\/audiolibrary-channel\/playlists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">library of free music<\/a>, or you can search the Internet for public domain or openly licensed music.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><button class=\"show-answer show-answer-button collapsed\" data-target=\"q686757\">Video Transcript<\/button><\/p>\n<div id=\"q686757\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Can+You+Legally+Use+Copyright+Music+On+YouTube%3F_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cCan You Legally Use Copyright Music On YouTube?\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Public Domain<\/h3>\n<p><b>Public Domain<\/b> works can be freely used by anyone, for commercial or non-commercial purposes, and without permission from the original copyright owner\/author. Public domain status allows the user unrestricted access and unlimited creativity! These works may be designated for free and unlimited public access, or they may no longer be covered by copyright law because the copyright status has expired or been forfeited by the owner.<\/p>\n<h3>What Is Licensing?<\/h3>\n<p>Licensing is when a copyright owner gives permission for someone else to do something normally restricted by copyright law. For example, the creator of a song may license a song to an advertising agency, allowing the ad company to use parts of her song in a television commercial in exchange for compensation.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes a creator may want to give\u00a0<i>everybody<\/i> permission to make copies of his or her work. For example, some musicians want fans to make copies and share their songs, so they license their songs in a way that gives others explicit permission to copy and share them. One increasingly common set of licenses that exist for this purpose is Creative Commons licenses.<\/p>\n<h3>Creative Commons Licensing<\/h3>\n<p>Not everyone wants to lock up their creativity behind the protection of copyright; many people want their work to be freely shared and even built upon. When these works are released for educational purposes, they are called Open Educational Resources, or OER.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons<\/a>\u00a0(CC) was developed out of the desire to make it easier to share and use copyrighted works. Creative Commons allows a creator to grant licenses to their work that could include the ability to share, adapt, and\/or use material for commercial purposes without having to ask for permission. The creators still own the copyright, but they proactively decide to let others use their works under certain conditions.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">Many websites include CC-licensed works. You can search them to find materials that you can freely use in creating your own work, provided that you comply with the terms of the license. You can also upload your own CC-licensed works to share with others. Examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/search\/?license=1,2,3,4,5,6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/creativecommons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/thenounproject.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Noun Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia\u2019s Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Citing openly licensed materials, whether they&#8217;re images, videos, or textbooks, is often referred to as &#8220;attribution&#8221; in the OER world. To &#8220;attribute&#8221; something, you are giving credit. It&#8217;s the same idea as &#8220;citing&#8221;\u2014just a different term for it. Citing OER is done by following the licensing requirements and including as much information as you can about the source.<\/p>\n<p>The basic attribution format is:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Title &#8212; Author &#8212; License<\/p>\n<p>You may want to use the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.openwa.org\/attrib-builder\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Attribution Builder<\/a>\u00a0form from Open Washington to help you build consistent and concise attributions for citing open material you find and use, or to attribute yourself when you create something and want to share. The builder includes both CC licenses and public domain designations.<\/p>\n<p>You may also cite OER in MLA or APA format. To do so, you would follow the traditional citation structure and add the licensing information to the end. For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Claypool, R. (2012, October\u00a05).\u00a0<em>Flamingo\u00a0<\/em>[Photograph]. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/dh7axD. 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