{"id":311,"date":"2025-04-17T16:35:47","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:35:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/bringing-sources-into-the-conversation\/"},"modified":"2025-06-26T22:04:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T22:04:23","slug":"bringing-sources-into-the-conversation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/bringing-sources-into-the-conversation\/","title":{"raw":"Integrating Source Material: Learn It 1","rendered":"Integrating Source Material: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine how the \u201csource sandwich\u201d and signal phrases help integrate sources in your writing<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Effectively introduce and integrate quotes into your writing<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understand when and how to paraphrase<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understand when and how to summarize<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Evaluate how good source synthesis and integration builds credibility<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Integrating Material from Sources<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_853\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\"wp-image-853 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/06\/11152919\/puzzle-1152800_1280-300x270.png\" alt=\"Four puzzle pieces fitting together.\" width=\"250\" height=\"225\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Correctly utilizing and synthesizing your sources is much like fitting together the pieces of a puzzle.[\/caption]\r\n<p data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"243\">Integrating sources into your writing can be challenging, but think of it like joining a conversation. When discussing a topic in person, you naturally reference others\u2019 ideas:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"334\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"276\">\"I heard on the news that\u2026\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"309\">\"I read in an article that\u2026\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"334\">\"Juan told me that\u2026\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"559\">In writing, you do the same\u2014you introduce the source, explain why it's relevant, and connect it to your point. Just as you\u2019d provide context when speaking, you need to identify the author and their credibility in writing.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"618\">To effectively incorporate sources, follow these steps:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"911\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"569\"><strong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"503\">Transition into and introduce the source<\/strong> \u2013 Provide context for the source and explain why it\u2019s relevant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"668\"><strong data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"596\">Use a signal phrase<\/strong> \u2013 Lead smoothly into the quoted, summarized, or paraphrased material.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"669\" data-end=\"788\"><strong data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"694\">Provide a citation<\/strong> \u2013 Clearly link the material to the full reference in your bibliography or works cited list.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"907\"><strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"834\">Explain how it fits into your argument<\/strong> \u2013 Connect the source back to your main point to show its significance.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p data-start=\"913\" data-end=\"1075\">This process is often called a \u201csource sandwich,\u201d with each step layering your argument like the parts of a sandwich. A visual representation of this appears below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>the source sandwich<\/h3>\r\n<table style=\"height: 591px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 120px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 120px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-2180 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225458\/topbread-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Transition and Introduction\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 120px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>Remember that this is your writing, so your use of a source is based on your argument or claim. So, begin your quote sandwich with a sentence that focuses on your idea, ideally with a clear transition linking to your overall thesis or to the argument in the previous section.\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 100px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 196.656px; height: 100px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-2179 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225459\/onions-300x132.jpg\" alt=\"Signal Phrase\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 471.656px; height: 100px;\"><strong>\u00a0A signal phrase is an action verb phrase that connects the source's author with its content.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225501\/lettuce-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Quotastion, Paraphrase, or Summary\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The source's content comes after the signal phrase. This content can be a summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 137px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 137px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2178\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225503\/meat-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Citation\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 137px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The in-text citation identifies the source and connects the body of your paper with the references or works cited page.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225505\/bottombread-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Explanation of the Material's Relevance\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The explanation of the source content's relevance is your synthesis or analysis of the content and an illustration that shows how it relates to your own work.<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/section>Use the source sandwich convention to integrate material from sources into your own writing so that your readers will understand the material\u2019s importance and purpose. The activity below will provide practice in constructing a source sandwich.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">Read the passage about \u201cmindful me\u201d rooms in elementary schools and answer the questions that follow.\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>Reflective practice has also started to replace detention in schools across the country. Robert W. Coleman Elementary School is one of the first to adopt this method. As of 2014, this school has had no suspensions. When students fight or misbehave, they are sent to a \u201cmindful me\u201d room instead of the principal\u2019s office, and they learn to peacefully solve these conflicts themselves (Khorsandi). Administrators at the school claim to have seen a marked improvement in student behavior.<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div>Coleman Principal Carillian Thompson explains, \u201cThe mindfulness practices have actually taught the students how to redirect that negative energy into something positive\u201d (Khorsandi). The changes have resulted in more focus on academics and extracurricular activities at Coleman, which has made parents in the district happy. In fact, many parents have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention. The experience at Coleman Elementary School is not unqiue; many parents across the country have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention.<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n[ohm2_question]34483[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34484[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34485[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34486[\/ohm2_question]\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h3>Signal Phrases<\/h3>\r\nWhen you incorporate a quotation, at least the first time you use a source, you should provide some kind of signal phrase (set-up for your quote) that guides your reader into understanding that you are going to be presenting ideas from another person. Typically, we address the credibility of the source's author and the relevance of the quotation. Often, this means including the author's credentials the first time they are introduced.\r\n\r\nFor example, consider these examples of how Grace Chapman could be introduced for the first time:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Chapman explains \u2013 <strong>no credibility<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Grace Chapman, Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains \u2013 <strong>credibility based on position as curator<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Grace Chapman, as Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, offers a different perspective on this subject and argues \u2013 <strong>credibility and\u00a0relevance based on a different perspective\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe signal phrase works as a signpost to alert the reader of your paper to the incorporation of another's ideas. Signal phrases are used to clearly differentiate between your thoughts and those of the authors who you quote, paraphrase, or summarize. For example, in introducing a quote, paraphrase, or summary, you could use the following signal phrases:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>Jones states that\u2026<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Miller argues that\u2026<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>According to the Pew Research Center, \u2026<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nOther commonly used verbs in signal phrases are:\r\n<table style=\"font-weight: 300;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>acknowledges<\/td>\r\n<td>comments<\/td>\r\n<td>describes<\/td>\r\n<td>maintains<\/td>\r\n<td>reports<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>adds<\/td>\r\n<td>compares<\/td>\r\n<td>disputes<\/td>\r\n<td>notes<\/td>\r\n<td>responds<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>admits<\/td>\r\n<td>concedes<\/td>\r\n<td>emphasizes<\/td>\r\n<td>observes<\/td>\r\n<td>shows<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>agrees<\/td>\r\n<td>confirms<\/td>\r\n<td>endorses<\/td>\r\n<td>points out<\/td>\r\n<td>states<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>argues<\/td>\r\n<td>contends<\/td>\r\n<td>illustrates<\/td>\r\n<td>reasons<\/td>\r\n<td>suggests<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>asserts<\/td>\r\n<td>declares<\/td>\r\n<td>implies<\/td>\r\n<td>refutes<\/td>\r\n<td>summarizes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>claims<\/td>\r\n<td>denies<\/td>\r\n<td>insists<\/td>\r\n<td>rejects<\/td>\r\n<td>writes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThe important thing is to make sure you don't leave your audience wondering why a quotation has been used and\/or if the source for the quotation is trustworthy.\r\n<h3>Providing Context<\/h3>\r\nQuotations should always be introduced and incorporated into your argument rather than dropped into your paper without context.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Consider this first BAD example:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>There are many instances of people being taken in by fake news stories. \u201cOne voter from Mississippi said that he read about millions of illegal aliens voting in the 2016 primaries and thought it was true\u201d (Myers).<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nThis is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer\u2019s claim, but the researcher hasn\u2019t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or why it is important for supporting her point. Rather, she has simply \u201cdropped in\u201d the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader. Now consider this revised GOOD example in which an effective signal phrase is used to better introduce the quote into the essay:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>There are many instances of people being taken in by fake news stories. In her <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em> article on how fake stories impact voters in America, Geena Myers identifies how one particular voter in the South \u201cread about millions of illegal aliens voting in the 2016 primaries and thought it was true\u201d (Myers).<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">In this revision, the writer uses the signal phrase to introduce the source and the quotation into the argument. As a result, the reader can more easily understand both the point the writer is trying to make and how this source serves as evidence for that point.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/section>Finally, try to use variety in how you introduce quotations. <span style=\"color: #333333;\">Every quotation does not need to be introduced with the same exact formula.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">For example, instead of writing:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div><span style=\"color: #333333;\">In the opening line of his short story, \u201cThe Open Boat,\u201d Stephen Crane writes, \u201cNone of them knew the color of the sky\u201d (339). This implies the idea that \u201call sense of certainty\u201d in the lives of these men is gone (Wolford 18).<\/span><\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nThere is nothing wrong with the signal phrasing in the first sentence above. But you don't always have to use the same formula for introducing a quotation. Try writing instead:\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div>\u201cNone of them knew the color of the sky\u201d (Crane 339), the opening line of Stephen Crane\u2019s \u201cThe Open Boat,\u201d implies that \u201call sense of certainty\u201d (Wolford 18) in the lives of these men is gone.<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\nThe combination of these two sentences into one is a more sophisticated approach to integrating a quotation<span style=\"color: #333333;\">.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Adding Credibility through Source Integration<\/h2>\r\nWe know that using effective signal phrases when introducing sources adds credibility and relevance to your argument. You can also enhance your credibility by choosing effective sources, including complete citations, and providing supporting evidence for your claims. The table below demonstrates the application of different markers of credibility. Think about your strategy for maintaining credibility and authority in your own writing: you will most likely rely on all four markers in some combination.\r\n<div>\r\n<table style=\"width: 909px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\"><strong>Marker<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\"><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\"><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Signal Phrases<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Signal phrases point the readers to the information from a source. Good signal phrases can highlight the credentials of an author or source.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">For example, notice how in the following example, the writer establishes the source\u2019s strong credentials:\r\n\r\nJohn Smith, the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Northern Mississippi, argues that the senator\u2019s flat tax plan is regressive.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Complete, Accurate Citations<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Citations help demonstrate that you are trustworthy as an author and provide a clear way for a reader to verify your evidence.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Each part of a citation provides a piece of searchable information. For example, a reader can search for the author\u2019s name to find other things that he or she has written.\r\n\r\nIf readers search for John Smith, they will find that he has been publishing articles on taxation for 45 years.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Demonstration of Relevance<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Critical thinking and reasoning demonstrate to your reader the significance of your evidence and enhance your credibility.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Don\u2019t assume that your reader can figure out why you are using a particular source. It\u2019s your job as the writer to explain your reasoning. John Smith\u2019s article may be highly technical and difficult to understand.\r\n\r\nYour job is to use paraphrase and summary to make the ideas accessible to your readers and to show them why those ideas are important.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Supporting Evidence<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Evidence is required for any claim. The more relevant evidence that you include, with accurate citation, the more credible your writing will be.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Even if John Smith is a distinguished professor of economics, his word alone isn\u2019t enough to prove your claim about the senator\u2019s flat tax plan.\r\n\r\nYou must support your argument with specific evidence.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine how the \u201csource sandwich\u201d and signal phrases help integrate sources in your writing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Effectively introduce and integrate quotes into your writing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understand when and how to paraphrase<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Understand when and how to summarize<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Evaluate how good source synthesis and integration builds credibility<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Integrating Material from Sources<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_853\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-853\" style=\"width: 250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-853\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/06\/11152919\/puzzle-1152800_1280-300x270.png\" alt=\"Four puzzle pieces fitting together.\" width=\"250\" height=\"225\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-853\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Correctly utilizing and synthesizing your sources is much like fitting together the pieces of a puzzle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"243\">Integrating sources into your writing can be challenging, but think of it like joining a conversation. When discussing a topic in person, you naturally reference others\u2019 ideas:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"334\">\n<li data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"276\">&#8220;I heard on the news that\u2026&#8221;<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"309\">&#8220;I read in an article that\u2026&#8221;<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"334\">&#8220;Juan told me that\u2026&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"559\">In writing, you do the same\u2014you introduce the source, explain why it&#8217;s relevant, and connect it to your point. Just as you\u2019d provide context when speaking, you need to identify the author and their credibility in writing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"618\">To effectively incorporate sources, follow these steps:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"911\">\n<li data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"569\"><strong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"503\">Transition into and introduce the source<\/strong> \u2013 Provide context for the source and explain why it\u2019s relevant.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"668\"><strong data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"596\">Use a signal phrase<\/strong> \u2013 Lead smoothly into the quoted, summarized, or paraphrased material.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"669\" data-end=\"788\"><strong data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"694\">Provide a citation<\/strong> \u2013 Clearly link the material to the full reference in your bibliography or works cited list.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"907\"><strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"834\">Explain how it fits into your argument<\/strong> \u2013 Connect the source back to your main point to show its significance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"913\" data-end=\"1075\">This process is often called a \u201csource sandwich,\u201d with each step layering your argument like the parts of a sandwich. A visual representation of this appears below.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>the source sandwich<\/h3>\n<table style=\"height: 591px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 120px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 120px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2180 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225458\/topbread-300x163.jpg\" alt=\"Transition and Introduction\" width=\"300\" height=\"163\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 120px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>Remember that this is your writing, so your use of a source is based on your argument or claim. So, begin your quote sandwich with a sentence that focuses on your idea, ideally with a clear transition linking to your overall thesis or to the argument in the previous section.\u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 100px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 196.656px; height: 100px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2179 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225459\/onions-300x132.jpg\" alt=\"Signal Phrase\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 471.656px; height: 100px;\"><strong>\u00a0A signal phrase is an action verb phrase that connects the source&#8217;s author with its content.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2177\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225501\/lettuce-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Quotastion, Paraphrase, or Summary\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The source&#8217;s content comes after the signal phrase. This content can be a summary, paraphrase, or direct quotation.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 137px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 137px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2178\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225503\/meat-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"Citation\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 137px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The in-text citation identifies the source and connects the body of your paper with the references or works cited page.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 196.656px;\" align=\"center\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2176\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2097\/2017\/06\/19225505\/bottombread-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"Explanation of the Material's Relevance\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 471.656px;\"><strong>The explanation of the source content&#8217;s relevance is your synthesis or analysis of the content and an illustration that shows how it relates to your own work.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/section>\n<p>Use the source sandwich convention to integrate material from sources into your own writing so that your readers will understand the material\u2019s importance and purpose. The activity below will provide practice in constructing a source sandwich.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">Read the passage about \u201cmindful me\u201d rooms in elementary schools and answer the questions that follow.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>Reflective practice has also started to replace detention in schools across the country. Robert W. Coleman Elementary School is one of the first to adopt this method. As of 2014, this school has had no suspensions. When students fight or misbehave, they are sent to a \u201cmindful me\u201d room instead of the principal\u2019s office, and they learn to peacefully solve these conflicts themselves (Khorsandi). Administrators at the school claim to have seen a marked improvement in student behavior.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>Coleman Principal Carillian Thompson explains, \u201cThe mindfulness practices have actually taught the students how to redirect that negative energy into something positive\u201d (Khorsandi). The changes have resulted in more focus on academics and extracurricular activities at Coleman, which has made parents in the district happy. In fact, many parents have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention. The experience at Coleman Elementary School is not unqiue; many parents across the country have switched their thinking from once believing punitive measures are necessary to modify children\u2019s behaviors to now seeing reflective practices as meaningful alternatives to detention.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34483\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34483&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34483&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34484\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34484&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34484&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34485\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34485&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34485&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34486\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34486&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34486&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h3>Signal Phrases<\/h3>\n<p>When you incorporate a quotation, at least the first time you use a source, you should provide some kind of signal phrase (set-up for your quote) that guides your reader into understanding that you are going to be presenting ideas from another person. Typically, we address the credibility of the source&#8217;s author and the relevance of the quotation. Often, this means including the author&#8217;s credentials the first time they are introduced.<\/p>\n<p>For example, consider these examples of how Grace Chapman could be introduced for the first time:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Chapman explains \u2013 <strong>no credibility<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Grace Chapman, Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, explains \u2013 <strong>credibility based on position as curator<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Grace Chapman, as Curator of Human Health &amp; Evolutionary Medicine at the Springfield Natural History Museum, offers a different perspective on this subject and argues \u2013 <strong>credibility and\u00a0relevance based on a different perspective\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The signal phrase works as a signpost to alert the reader of your paper to the incorporation of another&#8217;s ideas. Signal phrases are used to clearly differentiate between your thoughts and those of the authors who you quote, paraphrase, or summarize. For example, in introducing a quote, paraphrase, or summary, you could use the following signal phrases:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Jones states that\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Miller argues that\u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>According to the Pew Research Center, \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other commonly used verbs in signal phrases are:<\/p>\n<table style=\"font-weight: 300;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>acknowledges<\/td>\n<td>comments<\/td>\n<td>describes<\/td>\n<td>maintains<\/td>\n<td>reports<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>adds<\/td>\n<td>compares<\/td>\n<td>disputes<\/td>\n<td>notes<\/td>\n<td>responds<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>admits<\/td>\n<td>concedes<\/td>\n<td>emphasizes<\/td>\n<td>observes<\/td>\n<td>shows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>agrees<\/td>\n<td>confirms<\/td>\n<td>endorses<\/td>\n<td>points out<\/td>\n<td>states<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>argues<\/td>\n<td>contends<\/td>\n<td>illustrates<\/td>\n<td>reasons<\/td>\n<td>suggests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>asserts<\/td>\n<td>declares<\/td>\n<td>implies<\/td>\n<td>refutes<\/td>\n<td>summarizes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>claims<\/td>\n<td>denies<\/td>\n<td>insists<\/td>\n<td>rejects<\/td>\n<td>writes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The important thing is to make sure you don&#8217;t leave your audience wondering why a quotation has been used and\/or if the source for the quotation is trustworthy.<\/p>\n<h3>Providing Context<\/h3>\n<p>Quotations should always be introduced and incorporated into your argument rather than dropped into your paper without context.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Consider this first BAD example:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>There are many instances of people being taken in by fake news stories. \u201cOne voter from Mississippi said that he read about millions of illegal aliens voting in the 2016 primaries and thought it was true\u201d (Myers).<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer\u2019s claim, but the researcher hasn\u2019t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or why it is important for supporting her point. Rather, she has simply \u201cdropped in\u201d the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader. Now consider this revised GOOD example in which an effective signal phrase is used to better introduce the quote into the essay:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>There are many instances of people being taken in by fake news stories. In her <em>Los Angeles Times<\/em> article on how fake stories impact voters in America, Geena Myers identifies how one particular voter in the South \u201cread about millions of illegal aliens voting in the 2016 primaries and thought it was true\u201d (Myers).<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">In this revision, the writer uses the signal phrase to introduce the source and the quotation into the argument. As a result, the reader can more easily understand both the point the writer is trying to make and how this source serves as evidence for that point.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>Finally, try to use variety in how you introduce quotations. <span style=\"color: #333333;\">Every quotation does not need to be introduced with the same exact formula.<\/span><\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">For example, instead of writing:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div><span style=\"color: #333333;\">In the opening line of his short story, \u201cThe Open Boat,\u201d Stephen Crane writes, \u201cNone of them knew the color of the sky\u201d (339). This implies the idea that \u201call sense of certainty\u201d in the lives of these men is gone (Wolford 18).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>There is nothing wrong with the signal phrasing in the first sentence above. But you don&#8217;t always have to use the same formula for introducing a quotation. Try writing instead:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\u201cNone of them knew the color of the sky\u201d (Crane 339), the opening line of Stephen Crane\u2019s \u201cThe Open Boat,\u201d implies that \u201call sense of certainty\u201d (Wolford 18) in the lives of these men is gone.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>The combination of these two sentences into one is a more sophisticated approach to integrating a quotation<span style=\"color: #333333;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Adding Credibility through Source Integration<\/h2>\n<p>We know that using effective signal phrases when introducing sources adds credibility and relevance to your argument. You can also enhance your credibility by choosing effective sources, including complete citations, and providing supporting evidence for your claims. The table below demonstrates the application of different markers of credibility. Think about your strategy for maintaining credibility and authority in your own writing: you will most likely rely on all four markers in some combination.<\/p>\n<div>\n<table style=\"width: 909px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\"><strong>Marker<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\"><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\"><strong>Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Signal Phrases<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Signal phrases point the readers to the information from a source. Good signal phrases can highlight the credentials of an author or source.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">For example, notice how in the following example, the writer establishes the source\u2019s strong credentials:<\/p>\n<p>John Smith, the Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Northern Mississippi, argues that the senator\u2019s flat tax plan is regressive.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Complete, Accurate Citations<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Citations help demonstrate that you are trustworthy as an author and provide a clear way for a reader to verify your evidence.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Each part of a citation provides a piece of searchable information. For example, a reader can search for the author\u2019s name to find other things that he or she has written.<\/p>\n<p>If readers search for John Smith, they will find that he has been publishing articles on taxation for 45 years.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Demonstration of Relevance<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Critical thinking and reasoning demonstrate to your reader the significance of your evidence and enhance your credibility.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Don\u2019t assume that your reader can figure out why you are using a particular source. It\u2019s your job as the writer to explain your reasoning. John Smith\u2019s article may be highly technical and difficult to understand.<\/p>\n<p>Your job is to use paraphrase and summary to make the ideas accessible to your readers and to show them why those ideas are important.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 94.0625px;\">Supporting Evidence<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 224.062px;\">Evidence is required for any claim. The more relevant evidence that you include, with accurate citation, the more credible your writing will be.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 551.84px;\">Even if John Smith is a distinguished professor of economics, his word alone isn\u2019t enough to prove your claim about the senator\u2019s flat tax plan.<\/p>\n<p>You must support your argument with specific evidence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Using Sources Creatively section\",\"author\":\"Heather Logan\",\"organization\":\"University of Richmond Writing Center\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writing2.richmond.edu\/writing\/wweb\/creatsrc.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Quoting examples from Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism\",\"author\":\"Steven D. 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