{"id":294,"date":"2025-04-17T16:35:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:35:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-finding-sources\/"},"modified":"2025-08-01T10:08:28","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T10:08:28","slug":"text-finding-sources","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-finding-sources\/","title":{"raw":"Finding Sources: Learn It 1","rendered":"Finding Sources: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe strategies for starting Internet research, including using Google Scholar<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe types of academic sources, like scholarly, peer-reviewed, primary, and secondary<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine how to read and use scholarly sources<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine ways to find scholarly articles and books using library databases and catalogs<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe why using library databases is valuable<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Beginning the Search<\/h2>\r\nYou probably should not start your research by just typing your research question into Google, like \"What were medical practices like during the Battle of Gettysburg?\" Instead, you should make use of key terms, or words that will appear frequently in the source.\r\n<h3>Use Key Terms to Search<\/h3>\r\nTo search key terms, think about important words that will occur in sources you could use. Then, type one or two of those terms into the search bar. Most search engines will generate results based on how frequently those words appear in articles and their abstracts.\u00a0An abstract is a brief summary of a longer academic journal article.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Let's use our topic of medical practices at the Battle of Gettysburg as an example. You might choose keywords like \"amputation,\" \"field medicine,\" and \"Gettysburg.\" This should yield articles that discuss amputations on the field during the Battle of Gettysburg. You could also search for something like \"anesthesia\" and \"Civil War,\" which would lead you to articles about anesthetics during the war.<\/section>While searching with key terms, you may need to get creative. Some articles will use different language than you might expect, so try a variety of related terms to make sure you're getting back all the possible results.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Suppose you are asked to write a paper in support of this assertion:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>The proliferation of fast food has led to the national problem of obesity.<\/em><\/p>\r\nIt's not a good idea to type in the entire sentence in your search, as there are many irrelevant words in this search statement. Before typing, decide which words or phrases are essential to your search and which are non-essential. There are only two concepts in this statement that are essential to its meaning: fast food and obesity. You can eliminate the word \"proliferation\" because it modifies the essential concept of fast food, and the phrase \"national problem\" is not crucial because we assume any article talking about \"fast food\" and \"obesity\" will discuss some negative aspects that would represent a <em>national problem.<\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/section>When you are researching on the web, search engines are effective tools for locating web pages relevant to your research, and they can save you time and frustration. However, for searches to yield the best results, you need a strategy and some basic knowledge of how search engines work. Without a clear search strategy, using a search engine is like wandering aimlessly in a field of corn looking for the perfect ear.\r\n\r\nBeginning your research with Google or another search engine is an easy\u00a0way to quickly get an overview of your topic. Even more effective than Google Search is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>, and even better than that for academic resources is\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Scholar<\/a>.\r\n<h2>Google Scholar<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Google Scholar <\/strong>is Google's academic search engine that searches across scholarly literature. It has extensive coverage, retrieving information from\u00a0academic publishers,\u00a0professional organizations,\u00a0university repositories,\u00a0professional websites, and\u00a0government websites.\r\n\r\nThe benefits of searching within Google Scholar are numerous, but a search solely using Google Scholar will be insufficient for your research. Consider the following benefits of Google Scholar and library databases.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Google Scholar benefits<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Library Databases benefits<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Find content not available in library databases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find more government resources than are available in library databases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Find case law instead of or in addition to other content<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limit searches to papers written in a specific language (13 options) and display Google tips in a larger variety of languages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Show library access links for up to five libraries<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Find content not available in Google Scholar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limit results to full-text content<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Specify more information fields (subject headings, abstract, author, etc.) where you want your search terms found<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limit search results by subject headings suggested on the search results pages<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Limit results to peer-reviewed, scholarly, or academic journal articles<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nLike other Google search products, Google Scholar\u00a0starts with a basic search blank. Because researchers are more likely to need the results of more specific searches, the Advanced Search link is accessed via a down-arrow in the Google Scholar sidebar.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_426\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-426\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/06\/23193534\/googlescholar.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Screenshot of a Google Scholar advanced search, searching for &quot;caffeine health&quot; with at least one of the following words: coffee, &quot;green tea&quot;, or &quot;black tea&quot;. The user also has the option to search for an exact phrase, exclude certain words from the search, specify whether they want to search for the words in the title of the article or anywhere in the article, search for articles authored by specific authors, search for articles published in specific journals, and search for articles published within a certain date range.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"355\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The advanced search features of Google Scholar.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nKeep in mind that Google is not transparent about the journals or time ranges it indexes, and publishers occasionally request that Google Scholar not index their publications. Non-scholarly and\/or non-peer-reviewed material may also appear in Google Scholar, so it is best used in conjunction with other search tools. One of the greatest features of Google Scholar is the \"Cited by\" link found below each search result. If you find one article you like, you can click on the link to find other articles that reference that same work.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">While the following video is specific to the University of West Florida, the same tips and principles still apply to most\u00a0institutions. Contact your library to ensure you can set up your library account through Google Scholar so you have greater access to articles housed behind paywalls.[embed]https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/87788472[\/embed]\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/18+-+Google+Scholar_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201c18 - Google Scholar\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<h3>Google Scholar Search Results<\/h3>\r\nClick on the links below to see how\u00a0search results vary when using different search parameters.\r\n<ul id=\"s-lg-link-list-1664308\" class=\"s-lg-link-list s-lg-link-list-2\">\r\n \t<li class=\"\">\r\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515913\" class=\"\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&amp;q=caffeine+health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health<\/a>:\u00a0A simple Google Scholar search for caffeine and health.\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"\">\r\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515912\" class=\"\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=caffeine+health&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=coffee+%22green+tea%22+%22black+tea%22&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_sdt=1.&amp;as_sdtf=&amp;as_sdts=40&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health coffee OR \"green tea\" OR \"black tea\"<\/a>:\u00a0Results of the search listed above, where the search specifies articles covering caffeine and health, and noting coffee, black tea, or green tea.\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"\">\r\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515914\" class=\"\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=caffeine+health&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=%22RR+McCusker%22&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_sdt=1.&amp;as_sdtf=&amp;as_sdts=40&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health author: \"RR McCusker\"<\/a>:\u00a0A search for articles on a topic by a specific author, Rachel R. McCusker.\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"\">\r\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515915\" class=\"\">\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=caffeine+health&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=1%2C38&amp;as_ylo=2018&amp;as_yhi=2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health [2018-2025]<\/a>: These results have been limited to those published from 2018-2025.\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]34463[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]34464[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe strategies for starting Internet research, including using Google Scholar<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe types of academic sources, like scholarly, peer-reviewed, primary, and secondary<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine how to read and use scholarly sources<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine ways to find scholarly articles and books using library databases and catalogs<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe why using library databases is valuable<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Beginning the Search<\/h2>\n<p>You probably should not start your research by just typing your research question into Google, like &#8220;What were medical practices like during the Battle of Gettysburg?&#8221; Instead, you should make use of key terms, or words that will appear frequently in the source.<\/p>\n<h3>Use Key Terms to Search<\/h3>\n<p>To search key terms, think about important words that will occur in sources you could use. Then, type one or two of those terms into the search bar. Most search engines will generate results based on how frequently those words appear in articles and their abstracts.\u00a0An abstract is a brief summary of a longer academic journal article.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Let&#8217;s use our topic of medical practices at the Battle of Gettysburg as an example. You might choose keywords like &#8220;amputation,&#8221; &#8220;field medicine,&#8221; and &#8220;Gettysburg.&#8221; This should yield articles that discuss amputations on the field during the Battle of Gettysburg. You could also search for something like &#8220;anesthesia&#8221; and &#8220;Civil War,&#8221; which would lead you to articles about anesthetics during the war.<\/section>\n<p>While searching with key terms, you may need to get creative. Some articles will use different language than you might expect, so try a variety of related terms to make sure you&#8217;re getting back all the possible results.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">Suppose you are asked to write a paper in support of this assertion:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>The proliferation of fast food has led to the national problem of obesity.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s not a good idea to type in the entire sentence in your search, as there are many irrelevant words in this search statement. Before typing, decide which words or phrases are essential to your search and which are non-essential. There are only two concepts in this statement that are essential to its meaning: fast food and obesity. You can eliminate the word &#8220;proliferation&#8221; because it modifies the essential concept of fast food, and the phrase &#8220;national problem&#8221; is not crucial because we assume any article talking about &#8220;fast food&#8221; and &#8220;obesity&#8221; will discuss some negative aspects that would represent a <em>national problem.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>When you are researching on the web, search engines are effective tools for locating web pages relevant to your research, and they can save you time and frustration. However, for searches to yield the best results, you need a strategy and some basic knowledge of how search engines work. Without a clear search strategy, using a search engine is like wandering aimlessly in a field of corn looking for the perfect ear.<\/p>\n<p>Beginning your research with Google or another search engine is an easy\u00a0way to quickly get an overview of your topic. Even more effective than Google Search is\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/advanced_search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Advanced Search<\/a>, and even better than that for academic resources is\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Scholar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Google Scholar<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Google Scholar <\/strong>is Google&#8217;s academic search engine that searches across scholarly literature. It has extensive coverage, retrieving information from\u00a0academic publishers,\u00a0professional organizations,\u00a0university repositories,\u00a0professional websites, and\u00a0government websites.<\/p>\n<p>The benefits of searching within Google Scholar are numerous, but a search solely using Google Scholar will be insufficient for your research. Consider the following benefits of Google Scholar and library databases.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Google Scholar benefits<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>Library Databases benefits<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Find content not available in library databases<\/li>\n<li>Find more government resources than are available in library databases<\/li>\n<li>Find case law instead of or in addition to other content<\/li>\n<li>Limit searches to papers written in a specific language (13 options) and display Google tips in a larger variety of languages<\/li>\n<li>Show library access links for up to five libraries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Find content not available in Google Scholar<\/li>\n<li>Limit results to full-text content<\/li>\n<li>Specify more information fields (subject headings, abstract, author, etc.) where you want your search terms found<\/li>\n<li>Limit search results by subject headings suggested on the search results pages<\/li>\n<li>Limit results to peer-reviewed, scholarly, or academic journal articles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Like other Google search products, Google Scholar\u00a0starts with a basic search blank. Because researchers are more likely to need the results of more specific searches, the Advanced Search link is accessed via a down-arrow in the Google Scholar sidebar.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_426\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-426\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-426\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/107\/2016\/06\/23193534\/googlescholar.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Screenshot of a Google Scholar advanced search, searching for &quot;caffeine health&quot; with at least one of the following words: coffee, &quot;green tea&quot;, or &quot;black tea&quot;. The user also has the option to search for an exact phrase, exclude certain words from the search, specify whether they want to search for the words in the title of the article or anywhere in the article, search for articles authored by specific authors, search for articles published in specific journals, and search for articles published within a certain date range.&quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"355\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-426\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The advanced search features of Google Scholar.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Keep in mind that Google is not transparent about the journals or time ranges it indexes, and publishers occasionally request that Google Scholar not index their publications. Non-scholarly and\/or non-peer-reviewed material may also appear in Google Scholar, so it is best used in conjunction with other search tools. One of the greatest features of Google Scholar is the &#8220;Cited by&#8221; link found below each search result. If you find one article you like, you can click on the link to find other articles that reference that same work.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">While the following video is specific to the University of West Florida, the same tips and principles still apply to most\u00a0institutions. Contact your library to ensure you can set up your library account through Google Scholar so you have greater access to articles housed behind paywalls.<iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"18 - Google Scholar\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/87788472?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/18+-+Google+Scholar_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201c18 &#8211; Google Scholar\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<h3>Google Scholar Search Results<\/h3>\n<p>Click on the links below to see how\u00a0search results vary when using different search parameters.<\/p>\n<ul id=\"s-lg-link-list-1664308\" class=\"s-lg-link-list s-lg-link-list-2\">\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515913\" class=\"\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&amp;q=caffeine+health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health<\/a>:\u00a0A simple Google Scholar search for caffeine and health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515912\" class=\"\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=caffeine+health&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=coffee+%22green+tea%22+%22black+tea%22&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_sdt=1.&amp;as_sdtf=&amp;as_sdts=40&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health coffee OR &#8220;green tea&#8221; OR &#8220;black tea&#8221;<\/a>:\u00a0Results of the search listed above, where the search specifies articles covering caffeine and health, and noting coffee, black tea, or green tea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515914\" class=\"\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?as_q=caffeine+health&amp;num=10&amp;btnG=Search+Scholar&amp;as_epq=&amp;as_oq=&amp;as_eq=&amp;as_occt=any&amp;as_sauthors=%22RR+McCusker%22&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;as_sdt=1.&amp;as_sdtf=&amp;as_sdts=40&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health author: &#8220;RR McCusker&#8221;<\/a>:\u00a0A search for articles on a topic by a specific author, Rachel R. McCusker.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<div id=\"s-lg-content-1515915\" class=\"\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=caffeine+health&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=1%2C38&amp;as_ylo=2018&amp;as_yhi=2025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caffeine health [2018-2025]<\/a>: These results have been limited to those published from 2018-2025.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34463\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34463&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34463&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34464\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34464&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34464&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Walk, Talk, Cook, Eat: A Guide to Using Sources\",\"author\":\"Cynthia R. 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