{"id":173,"date":"2025-04-17T16:34:56","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/the-five-modes\/"},"modified":"2025-08-01T03:01:50","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T03:01:50","slug":"the-five-modes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/the-five-modes\/","title":{"raw":"Multimodality: Learn It 1","rendered":"Multimodality: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section aria-label=\"Learning Goals\"><section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe the five modes of communication<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Give examples of different communication modes<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for multimodal writing<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe parts of an effective presentation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><\/section>Communication happens through many different modes, not just text or reading. For example, a professor's lecture differs from their written notes, just as a group chat differs from an in-person meeting. Understanding these modes is the first step to navigating a multimodal world.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>modes of communication<\/h3>\r\nA <strong>mode<\/strong>, quite simply, is <em>a means of communicating<\/em>. According to the New London Group, there are five modes of communication: <strong>visual<\/strong>, <strong>linguistic<\/strong>, <strong>spatial<\/strong>, <strong>aural<\/strong>, and <strong>gestural<\/strong>.[footnote]Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nA mode is different from a <em>medium<\/em>, which is the substance through which communication is conveyed. Examples of a visual medium, for instance, would be photography, painting, or film.\r\n\r\n<\/section>When a given text makes use of more than one mode, the text can be characterized as multimodal. Most texts are multimodal - we make sense out of their messages through decoding the different modes of communication that they employ.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_858\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"522\"]<img class=\"wp-image-858 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185118\/modes.jpg\" alt=\"The five modes of communication: visual. aural, gestural, spatial,. linguistic\" width=\"522\" height=\"329\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A multimodal world includes visual, linguistic, aural, spatial, and gestural communication.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>What is the Relationship Between Modes and Media?<\/h3>\r\nA mode is a way of communicating, while a medium is the channel used to convey that communication. For example, communicating in the linguistic mode might use the medium of print, while the aural mode might use a podcast. Both print and podcasts are types of media.\r\n\r\nWhen analyzing or creating multimedia texts (artifacts that use multiple modes of communication), it\u2019s important to recognize how different modes operate together and which mode dominates in a given medium. For instance, both photographs and films use the visual mode, but they differ in how they convey meaning. Photographs focus on the arrangement of objects in a still image, while films rely on the spatial mode, using the movement of bodies and objects through space to tell a story. While photographs can sometimes emphasize spatial relationships, the visual mode dominates. In contrast, in films, the spatial mode often takes precedence. Understanding which modes dominate within a medium can help you craft stronger claims and choose persuasive evidence for your multimodal arguments.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]40726[\/ohm2_question]\r\n\r\n[ohm2_question hide_question_numbers=1]40727[\/ohm2_question]\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Visual<\/h2>\r\nThe visual mode refers to anything people see, such as images, colors, shapes, or the arrangement of objects. It helps communicate ideas and emotions through what is visible.\r\n\r\nIt is sometimes possible to find compositions that almost, if not completely, rely on a single mode.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\r\n<h3>Symbols<\/h3>\r\nFor instance, the \"No Guns\" symbol has no alphabetic text and no sound. Like many signs, it relies for its meaning on visual information. However, we might be able to say that the sign uses the spatial mode as well, since the gun appears behind the red bar that signals \"no\" or \"not allowed.\" So while the visual dominates in signs, even this composition is not \"purely\" visual.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_861\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"216\"]<img class=\"wp-image-861 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185121\/visual_mode-300x300.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption and\/or surrounding text.\" width=\"216\" height=\"216\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A \"no guns\" symbol.[\/caption]\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Aural<\/h2>\r\nThe aural mode is focused on sound including, but not limited to, music, sound effects, ambient noises, silence, tone of voice in spoken language, volume of sound, emphasis, and accent. [footnote]Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAn example of an aural mode\u2014 one that depends almost exclusively on sound\u2014might be the recording of a public speech that is delivered orally to a live audience, a radio address, or a podcast.\r\n<h2>Gestural<\/h2>\r\nThe gestural mode refers to the way movement is interpreted. Facial expressions, hand gestures, body language, and interaction between people are all gestural modes. This has always been important in face-to-face conversations and in theater, but it has become more apparent on the web lately with the wide use of YouTube and other video players.\r\n\r\nThe gestural mode works with linguistic, visual, aural, and sometimes even spatial modes in order to create more detail and communicate better to the reader or consumer of the gestural text.\r\n<h2>Linguistic (or Alphabetic)<\/h2>\r\nThe linguistic mode refers to written or spoken words. The mode includes word choice, the delivery of written or spoken text, the organization of words into sentences and paragraphs, and the development and coherence of words and ideas.\r\n\r\nThe linguistic mode is not always the most important mode; this depends on the other modes at play in the text, the type of text, and other factors. Linguistic is probably the most widely used mode because it can be both read and heard on both paper or audio. The linguistic mode is the best way to express details and lists.\r\n<h2>Spatial<\/h2>\r\nThe spatial mode, as the name implies, refers to the arrangement of elements in space. It involves the organization of items and the physical closeness between people and objects.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">A good example of the spatial mode might be the different ways in which chairs and desks are arranged in a classroom.Here is a \"traditional\" classroom: Individual desks are arranged in orderly rows, facing the front of the room to make the teacher who would stand before the chalkboard the center of attention. The teacher also stands at a distance from the students; the students who sit in the back could hardly even see the board!\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_867\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"291\"]<img class=\"wp-image-867 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185123\/classroom.jpg\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"291\" height=\"210\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. A traditional classroom setting with orderly class rows.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBy contrast, in this advertisement for \"collaborative classrooms,\" we see the chairs and desks clustered in small groups so that students can work together on projects. The classroom is also de-centered, which suggests that the teacher and students are working together as partners rather than in a hierarchical manner. All of the people are in close proximity to one another.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_868\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"291\"]<img class=\"wp-image-868 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185126\/collab_classroom.jpg\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"291\" height=\"219\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. A classroom where students interact with each other in different groups.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThink about how a teacher communicates her ideas about learning through the way in which they arrange their classroom. In that sense, the arrangement of desks and chairs can be \"read\" as a message about teaching and learning.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]34341[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe the five modes of communication<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Give examples of different communication modes<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for multimodal writing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe parts of an effective presentation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<p>Communication happens through many different modes, not just text or reading. For example, a professor&#8217;s lecture differs from their written notes, just as a group chat differs from an in-person meeting. Understanding these modes is the first step to navigating a multimodal world.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>modes of communication<\/h3>\n<p>A <strong>mode<\/strong>, quite simply, is <em>a means of communicating<\/em>. According to the New London Group, there are five modes of communication: <strong>visual<\/strong>, <strong>linguistic<\/strong>, <strong>spatial<\/strong>, <strong>aural<\/strong>, and <strong>gestural<\/strong>.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014.\" id=\"return-footnote-173-1\" href=\"#footnote-173-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A mode is different from a <em>medium<\/em>, which is the substance through which communication is conveyed. Examples of a visual medium, for instance, would be photography, painting, or film.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>When a given text makes use of more than one mode, the text can be characterized as multimodal. Most texts are multimodal &#8211; we make sense out of their messages through decoding the different modes of communication that they employ.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_858\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-858\" style=\"width: 522px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-858\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185118\/modes.jpg\" alt=\"The five modes of communication: visual. aural, gestural, spatial,. linguistic\" width=\"522\" height=\"329\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-858\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A multimodal world includes visual, linguistic, aural, spatial, and gestural communication.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>What is the Relationship Between Modes and Media?<\/h3>\n<p>A mode is a way of communicating, while a medium is the channel used to convey that communication. For example, communicating in the linguistic mode might use the medium of print, while the aural mode might use a podcast. Both print and podcasts are types of media.<\/p>\n<p>When analyzing or creating multimedia texts (artifacts that use multiple modes of communication), it\u2019s important to recognize how different modes operate together and which mode dominates in a given medium. For instance, both photographs and films use the visual mode, but they differ in how they convey meaning. Photographs focus on the arrangement of objects in a still image, while films rely on the spatial mode, using the movement of bodies and objects through space to tell a story. While photographs can sometimes emphasize spatial relationships, the visual mode dominates. In contrast, in films, the spatial mode often takes precedence. Understanding which modes dominate within a medium can help you craft stronger claims and choose persuasive evidence for your multimodal arguments.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm40726\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=40726&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm40726&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm40727\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=40727&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm40727&source=tnh\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Visual<\/h2>\n<p>The visual mode refers to anything people see, such as images, colors, shapes, or the arrangement of objects. It helps communicate ideas and emotions through what is visible.<\/p>\n<p>It is sometimes possible to find compositions that almost, if not completely, rely on a single mode.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">\n<h3>Symbols<\/h3>\n<p>For instance, the &#8220;No Guns&#8221; symbol has no alphabetic text and no sound. Like many signs, it relies for its meaning on visual information. However, we might be able to say that the sign uses the spatial mode as well, since the gun appears behind the red bar that signals &#8220;no&#8221; or &#8220;not allowed.&#8221; So while the visual dominates in signs, even this composition is not &#8220;purely&#8221; visual.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_861\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-861\" style=\"width: 216px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-861\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185121\/visual_mode-300x300.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption and\/or surrounding text.\" width=\"216\" height=\"216\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-861\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A &#8220;no guns&#8221; symbol.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Aural<\/h2>\n<p>The aural mode is focused on sound including, but not limited to, music, sound effects, ambient noises, silence, tone of voice in spoken language, volume of sound, emphasis, and accent. <a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014.\" id=\"return-footnote-173-2\" href=\"#footnote-173-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>An example of an aural mode\u2014 one that depends almost exclusively on sound\u2014might be the recording of a public speech that is delivered orally to a live audience, a radio address, or a podcast.<\/p>\n<h2>Gestural<\/h2>\n<p>The gestural mode refers to the way movement is interpreted. Facial expressions, hand gestures, body language, and interaction between people are all gestural modes. This has always been important in face-to-face conversations and in theater, but it has become more apparent on the web lately with the wide use of YouTube and other video players.<\/p>\n<p>The gestural mode works with linguistic, visual, aural, and sometimes even spatial modes in order to create more detail and communicate better to the reader or consumer of the gestural text.<\/p>\n<h2>Linguistic (or Alphabetic)<\/h2>\n<p>The linguistic mode refers to written or spoken words. The mode includes word choice, the delivery of written or spoken text, the organization of words into sentences and paragraphs, and the development and coherence of words and ideas.<\/p>\n<p>The linguistic mode is not always the most important mode; this depends on the other modes at play in the text, the type of text, and other factors. Linguistic is probably the most widely used mode because it can be both read and heard on both paper or audio. The linguistic mode is the best way to express details and lists.<\/p>\n<h2>Spatial<\/h2>\n<p>The spatial mode, as the name implies, refers to the arrangement of elements in space. It involves the organization of items and the physical closeness between people and objects.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox example\" aria-label=\"Example\">A good example of the spatial mode might be the different ways in which chairs and desks are arranged in a classroom.Here is a &#8220;traditional&#8221; classroom: Individual desks are arranged in orderly rows, facing the front of the room to make the teacher who would stand before the chalkboard the center of attention. The teacher also stands at a distance from the students; the students who sit in the back could hardly even see the board!<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_867\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-867\" style=\"width: 291px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-867\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185123\/classroom.jpg\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"291\" height=\"210\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-867\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. A traditional classroom setting with orderly class rows.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>By contrast, in this advertisement for &#8220;collaborative classrooms,&#8221; we see the chairs and desks clustered in small groups so that students can work together on projects. The classroom is also de-centered, which suggests that the teacher and students are working together as partners rather than in a hierarchical manner. All of the people are in close proximity to one another.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_868\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-868\" style=\"width: 291px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-868\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2483\/2018\/02\/28185126\/collab_classroom.jpg\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"291\" height=\"219\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-868\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. A classroom where students interact with each other in different groups.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Think about how a teacher communicates her ideas about learning through the way in which they arrange their classroom. In that sense, the arrangement of desks and chairs can be &#8220;read&#8221; as a message about teaching and learning.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm34341\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=34341&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm34341&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/section>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-173-1\">Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014. <a href=\"#return-footnote-173-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-173-2\">Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer\/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Bedford\/St. Martin's. 2014. <a href=\"#return-footnote-173-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":22,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"The Five Modes\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"University of Mississippi\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"PLATO WRIT 100\/101\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"What is Multimodality?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"University of Georgia\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"PLC-EC Adaptive Courseware Pilot\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\" Innovative Learning Environments (ILE)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/elearningclassroom.wikispaces.com\/Innovative+Learning+Environments+%28ILE%29\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"What is a mode? \",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"University of Mississippi\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"PLATO WRIT 100\/101\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"What is Multimodality?\",\"author\":\"University of Georgia\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"PLC-EC Adaptive Courseware Pilot\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":157,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"original","description":"The Five Modes","author":"","organization":"University of Mississippi","url":"","project":"PLATO WRIT 100\/101","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"What is Multimodality?","author":"","organization":"University of Georgia","url":"","project":"PLC-EC Adaptive Courseware Pilot","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc-attribution","description":" Innovative Learning Environments (ILE)","author":"","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/elearningclassroom.wikispaces.com\/Innovative+Learning+Environments+%28ILE%29","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"What is a mode? 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