{"id":169,"date":"2025-04-17T16:34:54","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/narrative-writing\/"},"modified":"2025-07-24T22:02:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T22:02:04","slug":"narrative-writing","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/narrative-writing\/","title":{"raw":"Narration: Learn It 1","rendered":"Narration: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing narratives<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing personal essays<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing descriptive essays<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Narrative Writing<\/h2>\r\nNarration is a rhetorical style that basically just tells a story. Being able to convey events in a clear, descriptive, chronological order is important in many fields. Many times, in college, your professors will ask you to write paragraphs or entire essays using a narrative style.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1524\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1344\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1524 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/02\/07043924\/Narrative-Essay.png\" alt=\"Narrative essay sequence showing an opening, build-up, problem, solution, and end.\" width=\"1344\" height=\"256\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Think of one of your favorite well-known stories or fairytales. Does it follow the sequence shown above?[\/caption]\r\n\r\nMost of the time, in introductory writing classes, students write narration essays that discuss personal stories; however, in different disciplines, you may be asked to tell a story about another person\u2019s experience or an event.\r\n\r\nThe reason we use narrative is because storytelling is the most natural way for us humans to communicate. Like cultural storytelling or personal reflection, it helps us relate to one another and understand our differences.\r\n<h2>Telling a Story<\/h2>\r\nWhen telling a story, you want to hone in on what's important. Consider, as an example, how you might respond if your friend asked what you did last weekend. If you began with, \u201cI woke up on Saturday morning, rolled over, checked my phone, fell back asleep, woke up, pulled my feet out from under the covers, put my feet on the floor, stood up, stretched\u2026\u201d then your friend might have stopped listening by the time you get to the really good stuff. Your scope is too broad, so you\u2019re including details that distract or bore your reader. Instead of listing every detail in order like this:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3950\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"904\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3950 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122305\/story1.png\" alt=\"Timeline of events represented as a straight line of dots\" width=\"904\" height=\"114\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A Story doesn't need to include every detail in order.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n\u2026 you should consider narrowing your scope, focusing instead on the important, interesting, and unique plot points (events) like this:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3951\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"910\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3951 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122313\/story2.png\" alt=\"Timeline of events represented as a lot of dots with the story dots highlighted as disconnected pieces.\" width=\"910\" height=\"168\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Pick out the most interesting and relevant pieces of a story to keep it engaging.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYou might think of this as the difference between a series of snapshots and a roll of film: instead of a twenty-four frames per second video, your entire story might only be a few photographs aligned together.\r\n\r\nIt may seem counterintuitive, but we can often make more impact by digging into a few moments or events rather than trying to relate every idea or event.\r\n<h3>Story Sequencing<\/h3>\r\nThe order of the events and the amount of time you give to each event, respectively, will determine your reader\u2019s experience. There are an infinite number of ways you might structure your story, and the shape of your story is worth deep consideration. Although the traditional forms for narrative sequence are not your only options, let\u2019s take a look at a few tried-and-true shapes your plot might take.\r\n\r\nYou might recognize Freytag\u2019s Pyramid from other classes you\u2019ve taken:\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>Freytag's Pyramid<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3952\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"603\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3952\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122317\/freytag.png\" alt=\"Story sequencing showing rising action (points A and B), leaning to the climax (C), then falling action (D), and resolution (E).\" width=\"603\" height=\"182\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Freytag's pyramid shows a traditional story arc.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe typical components of Freytag's pyramid include:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Exposition<\/strong>: Here, you\u2019re setting the scene, introducing characters, and preparing the reader for the journey.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Rising action<\/strong>: In this part, things start to happen. You (or your characters) encounter conflict, set out on a journey, meet people, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Climax<\/strong>: This is the peak of the action, the main showdown, the central event toward which your story has been building.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Falling action<\/strong>: Now things start to wind down. You (or your characters) come away from the climactic experience changed\u2014at the very least, you are wiser for having had that experience.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Resolution<\/strong>: Also known as d\u00e9nouement, this is where all the loose ends get tied up. The central conflict has been resolved, and everything is back to normal, but perhaps a bit different.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section>This narrative shape is certainly a familiar one. Many films, TV shows, plays, novels, and short stories follow this track. But it\u2019s not without its flaws. What assumptions does it rely on? How might it limit a storyteller? Sometimes, writers want to start the story where the story starts\u2014often, steps A and B in the diagram above just delay the most descriptive, active, or meaningful parts of the story. If nothing else, we should note that Freytag's pyramid is not necessarily the best way to tell your story, and definitely not the only way.\r\n\r\nAnother classic technique for narrative sequence is known as <em>i<strong>n medias res<\/strong><\/em>\u2013literally, \u201cin the middle of things.\u201d As you map out your plot in pre-writing or experiment with it during the drafting and revision process, you might find this technique a more active and exciting way to begin a story.\r\n\r\nIn the earlier example, the plot is chronological, linear, and continuous: The story moves smoothly from beginning to end with no interruptions. <em>In medias res<\/em>\u00a0instead suggests that you start your story with action rather than exposition, focusing on an exciting, imagistic, or important scene. Then, you can circle back to an earlier part of the story to fill in the blanks for your reader. Using the previously discussed plot shape, you might visualize it like this:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3948\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"596\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3948\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122255\/plot1.png\" alt=\"Story sequencing models that show you can begin just before the climax, during the rising action, and then circle back to the beginning.\" width=\"596\" height=\"430\" \/> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Stories can also start in the middle of the action.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nYou can experiment with your sequence in a variety of other ways, which might also include making changes to your scope: instead of a continuous story, you might have a series of fragments with a specific scope (like photographs instead of video).\u00a0 Instead of chronological order, you might bounce around in time or space, or in reverse. Some narratives reject traditional narrative sequences altogether.\r\n\r\nFor example, consider how this story starts:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Lost in my thoughts, I shuddered as the train ground to a full stop in the middle of an intersection. I was surprised, jarred by the unannounced and abrupt jerking of the car. I sought clues for our stop outside the window. All I saw were pigeons as startled and clueless as I.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Using Narrative<\/h2>\r\nYou\u2019ll find narrative useful in an essay when you want your reader to identify with your perspective or with the view taken by one of your characters or subjects. Documentary filmmaking is full of narrative examples: People tell us the story of what happened as if they were witnesses, even if the event happened many years before they were born. It\u2019s an effective technique because the filmmaker weaves a tale for us through each narrator.\r\n\r\nYou can take a similar approach in writing, laying out the facts of a story interspersed with first-person perspectives. Or you might, as Mead did, offer your reader insight into your own thought process as you came to understand the concept or event.\r\n\r\nSatire can be a particularly effective form of narrative, exemplified by the novels\u00a0<em>Animal Farm<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels. <\/em>Satire works to\u00a0expose the defects in an idea or society by telling a fictional tale of a different social group. Fictional characters stand in for real people or play out social ideas, usually political in nature.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">Narratives can be factual or fictional, depending on the writer\u2019s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers\u2019 intent is not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories. And the line between fact and fiction is often purposefully blurry, again depending on the writer's purpose.<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing narratives<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing personal essays<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing descriptive essays<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Narrative Writing<\/h2>\n<p>Narration is a rhetorical style that basically just tells a story. Being able to convey events in a clear, descriptive, chronological order is important in many fields. Many times, in college, your professors will ask you to write paragraphs or entire essays using a narrative style.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1524\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1524\" style=\"width: 1344px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1524 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/02\/07043924\/Narrative-Essay.png\" alt=\"Narrative essay sequence showing an opening, build-up, problem, solution, and end.\" width=\"1344\" height=\"256\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Think of one of your favorite well-known stories or fairytales. Does it follow the sequence shown above?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Most of the time, in introductory writing classes, students write narration essays that discuss personal stories; however, in different disciplines, you may be asked to tell a story about another person\u2019s experience or an event.<\/p>\n<p>The reason we use narrative is because storytelling is the most natural way for us humans to communicate. Like cultural storytelling or personal reflection, it helps us relate to one another and understand our differences.<\/p>\n<h2>Telling a Story<\/h2>\n<p>When telling a story, you want to hone in on what&#8217;s important. Consider, as an example, how you might respond if your friend asked what you did last weekend. If you began with, \u201cI woke up on Saturday morning, rolled over, checked my phone, fell back asleep, woke up, pulled my feet out from under the covers, put my feet on the floor, stood up, stretched\u2026\u201d then your friend might have stopped listening by the time you get to the really good stuff. Your scope is too broad, so you\u2019re including details that distract or bore your reader. Instead of listing every detail in order like this:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3950\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3950\" style=\"width: 904px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3950 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122305\/story1.png\" alt=\"Timeline of events represented as a straight line of dots\" width=\"904\" height=\"114\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3950\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A Story doesn&#8217;t need to include every detail in order.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u2026 you should consider narrowing your scope, focusing instead on the important, interesting, and unique plot points (events) like this:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3951\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3951\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3951 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122313\/story2.png\" alt=\"Timeline of events represented as a lot of dots with the story dots highlighted as disconnected pieces.\" width=\"910\" height=\"168\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3951\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Pick out the most interesting and relevant pieces of a story to keep it engaging.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>You might think of this as the difference between a series of snapshots and a roll of film: instead of a twenty-four frames per second video, your entire story might only be a few photographs aligned together.<\/p>\n<p>It may seem counterintuitive, but we can often make more impact by digging into a few moments or events rather than trying to relate every idea or event.<\/p>\n<h3>Story Sequencing<\/h3>\n<p>The order of the events and the amount of time you give to each event, respectively, will determine your reader\u2019s experience. There are an infinite number of ways you might structure your story, and the shape of your story is worth deep consideration. Although the traditional forms for narrative sequence are not your only options, let\u2019s take a look at a few tried-and-true shapes your plot might take.<\/p>\n<p>You might recognize Freytag\u2019s Pyramid from other classes you\u2019ve taken:<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>Freytag&#8217;s Pyramid<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3952\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3952\" style=\"width: 603px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3952\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122317\/freytag.png\" alt=\"Story sequencing showing rising action (points A and B), leaning to the climax (C), then falling action (D), and resolution (E).\" width=\"603\" height=\"182\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3952\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Freytag&#8217;s pyramid shows a traditional story arc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The typical components of Freytag&#8217;s pyramid include:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Exposition<\/strong>: Here, you\u2019re setting the scene, introducing characters, and preparing the reader for the journey.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rising action<\/strong>: In this part, things start to happen. You (or your characters) encounter conflict, set out on a journey, meet people, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Climax<\/strong>: This is the peak of the action, the main showdown, the central event toward which your story has been building.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Falling action<\/strong>: Now things start to wind down. You (or your characters) come away from the climactic experience changed\u2014at the very least, you are wiser for having had that experience.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Resolution<\/strong>: Also known as d\u00e9nouement, this is where all the loose ends get tied up. The central conflict has been resolved, and everything is back to normal, but perhaps a bit different.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<p>This narrative shape is certainly a familiar one. Many films, TV shows, plays, novels, and short stories follow this track. But it\u2019s not without its flaws. What assumptions does it rely on? How might it limit a storyteller? Sometimes, writers want to start the story where the story starts\u2014often, steps A and B in the diagram above just delay the most descriptive, active, or meaningful parts of the story. If nothing else, we should note that Freytag&#8217;s pyramid is not necessarily the best way to tell your story, and definitely not the only way.<\/p>\n<p>Another classic technique for narrative sequence is known as <em>i<strong>n medias res<\/strong><\/em>\u2013literally, \u201cin the middle of things.\u201d As you map out your plot in pre-writing or experiment with it during the drafting and revision process, you might find this technique a more active and exciting way to begin a story.<\/p>\n<p>In the earlier example, the plot is chronological, linear, and continuous: The story moves smoothly from beginning to end with no interruptions. <em>In medias res<\/em>\u00a0instead suggests that you start your story with action rather than exposition, focusing on an exciting, imagistic, or important scene. Then, you can circle back to an earlier part of the story to fill in the blanks for your reader. Using the previously discussed plot shape, you might visualize it like this:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3948\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3948\" style=\"width: 596px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3948\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/03\/28122255\/plot1.png\" alt=\"Story sequencing models that show you can begin just before the climax, during the rising action, and then circle back to the beginning.\" width=\"596\" height=\"430\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3948\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Stories can also start in the middle of the action.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>You can experiment with your sequence in a variety of other ways, which might also include making changes to your scope: instead of a continuous story, you might have a series of fragments with a specific scope (like photographs instead of video).\u00a0 Instead of chronological order, you might bounce around in time or space, or in reverse. Some narratives reject traditional narrative sequences altogether.<\/p>\n<p>For example, consider how this story starts:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lost in my thoughts, I shuddered as the train ground to a full stop in the middle of an intersection. I was surprised, jarred by the unannounced and abrupt jerking of the car. I sought clues for our stop outside the window. All I saw were pigeons as startled and clueless as I.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Using Narrative<\/h2>\n<p>You\u2019ll find narrative useful in an essay when you want your reader to identify with your perspective or with the view taken by one of your characters or subjects. Documentary filmmaking is full of narrative examples: People tell us the story of what happened as if they were witnesses, even if the event happened many years before they were born. It\u2019s an effective technique because the filmmaker weaves a tale for us through each narrator.<\/p>\n<p>You can take a similar approach in writing, laying out the facts of a story interspersed with first-person perspectives. Or you might, as Mead did, offer your reader insight into your own thought process as you came to understand the concept or event.<\/p>\n<p>Satire can be a particularly effective form of narrative, exemplified by the novels\u00a0<em>Animal Farm<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels. <\/em>Satire works to\u00a0expose the defects in an idea or society by telling a fictional tale of a different social group. Fictional characters stand in for real people or play out social ideas, usually political in nature.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">Narratives can be factual or fictional, depending on the writer\u2019s purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened, but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the writers\u2019 intent is not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories. And the line between fact and fiction is often purposefully blurry, again depending on the writer&#8217;s purpose.<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Writing Narratives\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Boundless\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-writing\/chapter\/types-of-rhetorical-modes\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Narrative Essay\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Excelsior College Online Writing Lab\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/narrative-essay\/narrative-essay-see-it-in-practice\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Telling a Story\",\"author\":\"Chris Manning, Sally Pierce, and Melissa Lucken\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pb.openlcc.net\/expressionandinquiry\/chapter\/19-2-telling-a-story\/\",\"project\":\"Expression and Inquiry\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Narration key takeaways\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/10-1-narration\/\",\"project\":\"Writing For Success\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":157,"module-header":"learn_it","content_attributions":[{"type":"cc","description":"Writing Narratives","author":"","organization":"Boundless","url":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundless-writing\/chapter\/types-of-rhetorical-modes\/","project":"","license":"cc-by-sa","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Narrative Essay","author":"","organization":"Excelsior College Online Writing Lab","url":"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/narrative-essay\/narrative-essay-see-it-in-practice\/","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"original","description":"Modification, adaptation, and original content","author":"","organization":"Lumen Learning","url":"","project":"","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Telling a Story","author":"Chris Manning, Sally Pierce, and Melissa Lucken","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/pb.openlcc.net\/expressionandinquiry\/chapter\/19-2-telling-a-story\/","project":"Expression and Inquiry","license":"cc-by","license_terms":""},{"type":"cc","description":"Narration key takeaways","author":"","organization":"","url":"https:\/\/open.lib.umn.edu\/writingforsuccess\/chapter\/10-1-narration\/","project":"Writing For Success","license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_terms":""}],"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/169"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/169\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3325,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/169\/revisions\/3325"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/157"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/169\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=169"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=169"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=169"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=169"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}