{"id":163,"date":"2025-04-17T16:34:52","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T16:34:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes\/"},"modified":"2025-07-16T15:37:46","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T15:37:46","slug":"text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-an-overview-of-the-rhetorical-modes\/","title":{"raw":"Common Essay Types: Learn It 1","rendered":"Common Essay Types: Learn It 1"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Explain how and why to use different rhetorical styles<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine the purpose, structure, and style of an argumentative essay<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing comparison essays<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for showing cause and effect<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for illustrating a point<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>What are Rhetorical Styles?<\/h2>\r\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\r\n<h3>rhetorical styles<\/h3>\r\nNon-fiction writing can be defined by sub-genres, sometimes referred to as the <strong>rhetorical styles,\u00a0<\/strong>modes, or patterns, of communication. These are categories of types of writing, and they help us to anticipate the structure and purpose of the text itself.\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2875\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2875 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/01162910\/books-1605416_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding a stack of different books.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Just as books are categorized into different genres, your essays can also be classified into different types and\/or styles of writing.[\/caption]\r\n<p data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"289\">There are four main types of writing: expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive. Each serves a distinct purpose, though most texts use a combination of styles.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"628\">While these are the general categories, many other forms\u2014like process or cause-and-effect essays\u2014fit within them as sub-genres. You may also come across different names for some of these types. That\u2019s okay\u2014the goal isn\u2019t to memorize labels but to understand the techniques behind each style so you can write skillfully and flexibly.<\/p>\r\nAfter we discuss the four main types of writing, we will turn to some of the common rhetorical modes (like the argumentative essay) and discuss ways to approach these different types of writing tasks.\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">The goal is to be an organic writer, employing multiple styles and rhetorical modes to suit your writing purpose and audience. Sometimes it helps to see some examples and templates to understand how to get started.<\/section>\r\n<h3>Expository<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Expository<\/strong> writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, they are trying to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author\u2019s opinion but focuses on accepted ideas or facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence. Examples of expository writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Textbooks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How-to articles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recipes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>News stories (not editorials or Op-Eds)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Business, technical, or scientific writing<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Persuasive<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Persuasive<\/strong> writing is the main style of writing you will use in academic papers. When an author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of their positions or beliefs. Persuasive writing contains the author's opinions and biases, as well as justifications and reasons given by the author as evidence of the correctness of their positions. Any \u201cargumentative\u201d essay you write in school will be written in a persuasive style. Examples of persuasive writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Argumentative essays<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cover letters<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Op-Eds and Editorial newspaper articles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reviews of items<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Letters of complaint<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Advertisements<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Letters of recommendation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Narrative<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Narrative<\/strong> writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfiction. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not just trying to impart information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters, conflict, and settings. Examples of narrative writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Oral histories<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Novels\/Novellas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Poetry (especially epic sagas or poems)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Short Stories<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Anecdotes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Descriptive<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Descriptive<\/strong> writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (for example, memoirs, first-hand accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place, or thing for their audience. The author might employ metaphors or other literary devices to describe the author\u2019s impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell, taste, or touch). However, the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene \u2013 merely describe things as they are. Examples of descriptive writing include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Poetry<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Journal\/diary writing<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Descriptions of Nature<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fictional novels or plays<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt's important to keep in mind that the essays you write in college may incorporate more than one of the types of writing.\r\n\r\nFor example, in a research paper, you will probably include a <strong>description<\/strong> of the events or ideas under consideration, and you may even employ <strong>narrative<\/strong> as you describe those events or ideas to your reader. You are likely going to be using <strong>expository<\/strong> writing to explain the concepts and events you are discussing to your reader. Finally, you are likely to employ some elements of <strong>persuasion<\/strong> in order to make the case to your reader about why the events or ideas under consideration in your essay matter or what takeaways you suggest.\r\n<h2>Rhetorical Modes<\/h2>\r\nKeeping these four main writing styles in mind, we can break down types of writing assignments even further and consider the types of <strong>rhetorical modes<\/strong>, or patterns, needed to be successful within the various types of writing. For example, expository writing may rely on the rhetorical styles of comparison, classification, definition, illustration, or process. Persuasive writing will use an argumentative style, but may also still involve cause-and-effect rhetorical patterns, illustration, or others.\r\n\r\nSome generally recognized rhetorical modes include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>argumentative\/persuasive<\/strong>: defends a certain point of view or persuades<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>comparison and\u00a0contrast<\/strong>: discusses the similarities and differences between two or more things<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>cause and effect<\/strong>: examines which events lead to specific results<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>illustration<\/strong>: gives examples<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>narration<\/strong>: tells stories<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>personal essay<\/strong>: tells a story based on your life<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>description<\/strong>: uses the five senses (touch, taste, sight, sound, smell) to provide a vivid idea or picture of what is being represented<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>definition<\/strong>: explains a term, concept, or idea, or tells what something means<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>classification and division<\/strong>: sorts a whole group and splits it up into various categories<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>process<\/strong>: provides step-by-step directions or guidance to explain how things happen<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"402\">You probably already have experience with rhetorical styles. Maybe you\u2019ve written a compare-and-contrast essay or used descriptive language in a narrative. Most essays combine multiple rhetorical styles, but some assignments emphasize one more than others.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"746\">For instance, an essay that explains different ways to take courses might describe how students manage their time in each format. In one paragraph, the writer may use the <em data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"594\">illustration<\/em> style to give examples, but the overall essay may still be considered <em data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"694\">classification and division<\/em> because it organizes information into categories.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"1138\">Learning these styles gives you a toolkit for developing strong writing. While most essays mix techniques, practicing each one individually helps you understand their structure. The more you master each style, the more effectively you can combine them in your writing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">We will take a look at seven types of rhetorical styles on the coming pages. If you're interested in learning more and seeing examples of the other types, <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit the Excelsior OWL website on rhetorical styles<\/a>.<\/section><section aria-label=\"Link to Learning\"><section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]40570[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]40571[\/ohm2_question]\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Explain how and why to use different rhetorical styles<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Examine the purpose, structure, and style of an argumentative essay<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for writing comparison essays<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for showing cause and effect<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Describe techniques for illustrating a point<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>What are Rhetorical Styles?<\/h2>\n<section class=\"textbox keyTakeaway\" aria-label=\"Key Takeaway\">\n<h3>rhetorical styles<\/h3>\n<p>Non-fiction writing can be defined by sub-genres, sometimes referred to as the <strong>rhetorical styles,\u00a0<\/strong>modes, or patterns, of communication. These are categories of types of writing, and they help us to anticipate the structure and purpose of the text itself.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2875\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2875\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2875 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/01\/01162910\/books-1605416_1920-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"A woman holding a stack of different books.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2875\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Just as books are categorized into different genres, your essays can also be classified into different types and\/or styles of writing.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"289\">There are four main types of writing: expository, persuasive, narrative, and descriptive. Each serves a distinct purpose, though most texts use a combination of styles.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"628\">While these are the general categories, many other forms\u2014like process or cause-and-effect essays\u2014fit within them as sub-genres. You may also come across different names for some of these types. That\u2019s okay\u2014the goal isn\u2019t to memorize labels but to understand the techniques behind each style so you can write skillfully and flexibly.<\/p>\n<p>After we discuss the four main types of writing, we will turn to some of the common rhetorical modes (like the argumentative essay) and discuss ways to approach these different types of writing tasks.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox proTip\" aria-label=\"Pro Tip\">The goal is to be an organic writer, employing multiple styles and rhetorical modes to suit your writing purpose and audience. Sometimes it helps to see some examples and templates to understand how to get started.<\/section>\n<h3>Expository<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Expository<\/strong> writing is one of the most common types of writing. When an author writes in an expository style, they are trying to explain a concept, imparting information from themselves to a wider audience. Expository writing does not include the author\u2019s opinion but focuses on accepted ideas or facts about a topic, including statistics or other evidence. Examples of expository writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Textbooks<\/li>\n<li>How-to articles<\/li>\n<li>Recipes<\/li>\n<li>News stories (not editorials or Op-Eds)<\/li>\n<li>Business, technical, or scientific writing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Persuasive<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Persuasive<\/strong> writing is the main style of writing you will use in academic papers. When an author writes in a persuasive style, they are trying to convince the audience of their positions or beliefs. Persuasive writing contains the author&#8217;s opinions and biases, as well as justifications and reasons given by the author as evidence of the correctness of their positions. Any \u201cargumentative\u201d essay you write in school will be written in a persuasive style. Examples of persuasive writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Argumentative essays<\/li>\n<li>Cover letters<\/li>\n<li>Op-Eds and Editorial newspaper articles<\/li>\n<li>Reviews of items<\/li>\n<li>Letters of complaint<\/li>\n<li>Advertisements<\/li>\n<li>Letters of recommendation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Narrative<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Narrative<\/strong> writing is used in almost every longer piece of writing, whether fiction or nonfiction. When an author writes in a narrative style, they are not just trying to impart information, they are trying to construct and communicate a story, complete with characters, conflict, and settings. Examples of narrative writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oral histories<\/li>\n<li>Novels\/Novellas<\/li>\n<li>Poetry (especially epic sagas or poems)<\/li>\n<li>Short Stories<\/li>\n<li>Anecdotes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Descriptive<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Descriptive<\/strong> writing is often found in fiction, though it can make an appearance in nonfiction as well (for example, memoirs, first-hand accounts of events, or travel guides). When an author writes in a descriptive style, they are painting a picture in words of a person, place, or thing for their audience. The author might employ metaphors or other literary devices to describe the author\u2019s impressions via their five senses (what they hear, see, smell, taste, or touch). However, the author is not trying to convince the audience of anything or explain the scene \u2013 merely describe things as they are. Examples of descriptive writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Poetry<\/li>\n<li>Journal\/diary writing<\/li>\n<li>Descriptions of Nature<\/li>\n<li>Fictional novels or plays<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to keep in mind that the essays you write in college may incorporate more than one of the types of writing.<\/p>\n<p>For example, in a research paper, you will probably include a <strong>description<\/strong> of the events or ideas under consideration, and you may even employ <strong>narrative<\/strong> as you describe those events or ideas to your reader. You are likely going to be using <strong>expository<\/strong> writing to explain the concepts and events you are discussing to your reader. Finally, you are likely to employ some elements of <strong>persuasion<\/strong> in order to make the case to your reader about why the events or ideas under consideration in your essay matter or what takeaways you suggest.<\/p>\n<h2>Rhetorical Modes<\/h2>\n<p>Keeping these four main writing styles in mind, we can break down types of writing assignments even further and consider the types of <strong>rhetorical modes<\/strong>, or patterns, needed to be successful within the various types of writing. For example, expository writing may rely on the rhetorical styles of comparison, classification, definition, illustration, or process. Persuasive writing will use an argumentative style, but may also still involve cause-and-effect rhetorical patterns, illustration, or others.<\/p>\n<p>Some generally recognized rhetorical modes include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>argumentative\/persuasive<\/strong>: defends a certain point of view or persuades<\/li>\n<li><strong>comparison and\u00a0contrast<\/strong>: discusses the similarities and differences between two or more things<\/li>\n<li><strong>cause and effect<\/strong>: examines which events lead to specific results<\/li>\n<li><strong>illustration<\/strong>: gives examples<\/li>\n<li><strong>narration<\/strong>: tells stories<\/li>\n<li><strong>personal essay<\/strong>: tells a story based on your life<\/li>\n<li><strong>description<\/strong>: uses the five senses (touch, taste, sight, sound, smell) to provide a vivid idea or picture of what is being represented<\/li>\n<li><strong>definition<\/strong>: explains a term, concept, or idea, or tells what something means<\/li>\n<li><strong>classification and division<\/strong>: sorts a whole group and splits it up into various categories<\/li>\n<li><strong>process<\/strong>: provides step-by-step directions or guidance to explain how things happen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"402\">You probably already have experience with rhetorical styles. Maybe you\u2019ve written a compare-and-contrast essay or used descriptive language in a narrative. Most essays combine multiple rhetorical styles, but some assignments emphasize one more than others.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"746\">For instance, an essay that explains different ways to take courses might describe how students manage their time in each format. In one paragraph, the writer may use the <em data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"594\">illustration<\/em> style to give examples, but the overall essay may still be considered <em data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"694\">classification and division<\/em> because it organizes information into categories.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"1138\">Learning these styles gives you a toolkit for developing strong writing. While most essays mix techniques, practicing each one individually helps you understand their structure. The more you master each style, the more effectively you can combine them in your writing.<\/p>\n<section class=\"textbox linkToLearning\" aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">We will take a look at seven types of rhetorical styles on the coming pages. If you&#8217;re interested in learning more and seeing examples of the other types, <a href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/rhetorical-styles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit the Excelsior OWL website on rhetorical styles<\/a>.<\/section>\n<section aria-label=\"Link to Learning\">\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm40570\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=40570&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm40570&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm40571\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=40571&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm40571&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"What are Rhetorical Modes?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Paragraph on nine rhetorical modes\",\"author\":\"Marianne Botos, Lynn McClelland, Stephanie Polliard, Pamela Osback \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/09\/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf\",\"project\":\"Horse of a Different Color: English Composition and Rhetoric 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