{"id":1327,"date":"2025-04-25T16:22:22","date_gmt":"2025-04-25T16:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1327"},"modified":"2025-07-26T19:50:50","modified_gmt":"2025-07-26T19:50:50","slug":"grammar-basics-background-youll-need-1","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/grammar-basics-background-youll-need-1\/","title":{"raw":"Grammar Basics: Background You'll Need","rendered":"Grammar Basics: Background You&#8217;ll Need"},"content":{"raw":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Recognize the correct word in commonly confused word pairs or trios<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<h2>Commonly Confused Words<\/h2>\r\nThe English language can be tricky in part because there are multiple words that sound the same, so some people use them interchangeably, even though they have meaning-changing differences. Here are some examples of commonly confused word pairs and trios, as well as tricks to tell which option a writer should use.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, there\u2019s no hard and fast rule about how to avoid using the incorrect word in these pairs. Many people\u2014even professional writers\u2014continue to confuse these words; the trick is to know where to look for an answer when you\u2019re not sure which one to use. You could look up the word in a dictionary, or Google the pair of words, which often takes you to an explanation of the difference.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Accept\/Except\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Accept<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cto receive.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Except<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cexcluding.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Except<\/b>\u00a0for John, everyone\u00a0<b>accepted<\/b>\u00a0the compliments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>While\u00a0<b>accepting<\/b>\u00a0the trophy, the actress thanked everyone\u00a0<b>except<\/b>\u00a0her husband.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Affect\/Effect\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Affect<\/b>\u00a0usually means \u201cto have an effect on.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Effect<\/b> usually means \u201ca result.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>When the speaker was describing the Doppler\u00a0<b>effect<\/b>, Mary\u2019s ringing cell phone\u00a0<b>affected<\/b>\u00a0her peers\u2019 concentration.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The disease, which\u00a0<b>affected<\/b>\u00a0everyone, had an especially terrible\u00a0<b>effect<\/b> on the women.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">Watch\u00a0this Khan Academy video to learn more:\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/iframe_api \" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script>\r\n<p class=\"cc-media-iframe-container\"><iframe id=\"tpm-plugin-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" class=\"cc-media-iframe\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5pfZ3dyG1cg?enablejsapi=1 \" frameborder=\"0\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"3p-plugin-target-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" class=\"p3sdk-target\"><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"cc-media-iframe-container\"><script src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/ajax.js?cc=1&amp;cc_minimizable=1&amp;cc_minimize_on_load=0&amp;cc_multi_text_track=0&amp;cc_overlay=1&amp;cc_searchable=0&amp;embed=ajax&amp;mf=13494026&amp;p3sdk_version=1.11.7&amp;p=20361&amp;player_type=youtube&amp;plugin_skin=dark&amp;target=3p-plugin-target-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg&amp;vembed=0&amp;video_id=5pfZ3dyG1cg&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Affect+and+effect+%7C+Frequently+confused+words+%7C+Usage+%7C+Grammar_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAffect and effect | Frequently confused words | Usage | Grammar\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Its\/It\u2019s\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Its<\/b>\u00a0refers to something that belongs to someone or something.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>It\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cIt is.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>When the mouse said, \u201c<b>It\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0raining,\u201d it accidentally dropped\u00a0<b>its<\/b>\u00a0umbrella.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Its<\/b>\u00a0tiny little feet skitter downstairs because\u00a0<b>it\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0morning.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Their\/There\/They\u2019re\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Their<\/b>\u00a0refers to the objects belonging to a group of people.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>There<\/b>\u00a0is a location, usually some distance from the speaker.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>They\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0is the shorter way to say \u201cThey are.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Over\u00a0<b>there<\/b>, where\u00a0<b>they\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0sitting, is where\u00a0<b>their<\/b>\u00a0coats belong.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Their<\/b>\u00a0trombones fell down over\u00a0<b>there<\/b>, but\u00a0<b>they\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0not picking them up.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>To\/Two\/Too\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>T<\/strong><b>o<\/b>\u00a0will\u00a0either be before a verb or an object, depending on how you\u2019re using it.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>My son and I are going\u00a0<strong>to<\/strong>\u00a0the playground\u00a0<strong>to\u00a0<\/strong>play basketball.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Two<\/b>\u00a0is the number between one and three.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Too<\/b>\u00a0means \u201calso\u201d or \u201cexcessively.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>To<\/b>\u00a0get\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0work on time, set your alarm clock for\u00a0<b>two<\/b>\u00a0o\u2019clock,\u00a0<b>too<\/b>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Two<\/b>\u00a0rabbits were\u00a0<b>too<\/b>\u00a0late for school\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0catch the bus, so they went back\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0bed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where\/Were\/We\u2019re\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Where\u00a0<\/strong>asks about the location of something.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Were\u00a0<\/strong>is the past tense of\u00a0<strong>are.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>We\u2019re<\/strong>\u00a0means\u00a0<strong>we are.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Where<\/strong>\u00a0are my keys?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They\u00a0<strong>were<\/strong>\u00a0on the counter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>We\u2019re\u00a0<\/strong>going to have to search for them.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u00a0Whose\/Who\u2019s\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Whose<\/b>\u00a0asks to whom the object belongs.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0is the short way to say \u201cwho is.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Whose<\/b>\u00a0jacket is that, and\u00a0<b>who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0picking it up?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0the one responsible for this mess, and\u00a0<b>whose<\/b>\u00a0stuff is spread all over the place<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Your\/You\u2019re\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>Your<\/b>\u00a0refers to something belonging to you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>You\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0is the short way to say \u201cyou are.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><b>You\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0the one who dropped\u00a0<b>your<\/b>\u00a0soup.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Your<\/b>\u00a0mom said\u00a0<b>you\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0in a lot of trouble!<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\">[ohm2_question]36066[\/ohm2_question] [ohm2_question]36067[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36068[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36069[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36070[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36071[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36072[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36073[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36074[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36075[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36076[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36077[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36078[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36079[\/ohm2_question][ohm2_question]36080[\/ohm2_question]<\/section>","rendered":"<section class=\"textbox learningGoals\" aria-label=\"Learning Goals\">\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-root=\"1\">Recognize the correct word in commonly confused word pairs or trios<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<h2>Commonly Confused Words<\/h2>\n<p>The English language can be tricky in part because there are multiple words that sound the same, so some people use them interchangeably, even though they have meaning-changing differences. Here are some examples of commonly confused word pairs and trios, as well as tricks to tell which option a writer should use.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, there\u2019s no hard and fast rule about how to avoid using the incorrect word in these pairs. Many people\u2014even professional writers\u2014continue to confuse these words; the trick is to know where to look for an answer when you\u2019re not sure which one to use. You could look up the word in a dictionary, or Google the pair of words, which often takes you to an explanation of the difference.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Accept\/Except\n<ul>\n<li><b>Accept<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cto receive.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><b>Except<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cexcluding.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li><b>Except<\/b>\u00a0for John, everyone\u00a0<b>accepted<\/b>\u00a0the compliments.<\/li>\n<li>While\u00a0<b>accepting<\/b>\u00a0the trophy, the actress thanked everyone\u00a0<b>except<\/b>\u00a0her husband.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Affect\/Effect\n<ul>\n<li><b>Affect<\/b>\u00a0usually means \u201cto have an effect on.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><b>Effect<\/b> usually means \u201ca result.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>When the speaker was describing the Doppler\u00a0<b>effect<\/b>, Mary\u2019s ringing cell phone\u00a0<b>affected<\/b>\u00a0her peers\u2019 concentration.<\/li>\n<li>The disease, which\u00a0<b>affected<\/b>\u00a0everyone, had an especially terrible\u00a0<b>effect<\/b> on the women.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox watchIt\" aria-label=\"Watch It\">Watch\u00a0this Khan Academy video to learn more:<br \/>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/iframe_api\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p class=\"cc-media-iframe-container\"><iframe id=\"tpm-plugin-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" class=\"cc-media-iframe\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5pfZ3dyG1cg?enablejsapi=1\" frameborder=\"0\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div id=\"3p-plugin-target-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" class=\"p3sdk-target\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"cc-media-iframe-container\"><script src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/ajax.js?cc=1&amp;cc_minimizable=1&amp;cc_minimize_on_load=0&amp;cc_multi_text_track=0&amp;cc_overlay=1&amp;cc_searchable=0&amp;embed=ajax&amp;mf=13494026&amp;p3sdk_version=1.11.7&amp;p=20361&amp;player_type=youtube&amp;plugin_skin=dark&amp;target=3p-plugin-target-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg&amp;vembed=0&amp;video_id=5pfZ3dyG1cg&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-cbeafgch-5pfZ3dyG1cg\" type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/Affect+and+effect+%7C+Frequently+confused+words+%7C+Usage+%7C+Grammar_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAffect and effect | Frequently confused words | Usage | Grammar\u201d here (opens in new window).<\/a><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Its\/It\u2019s\n<ul>\n<li><b>Its<\/b>\u00a0refers to something that belongs to someone or something.<\/li>\n<li><b>It\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0means \u201cIt is.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li>When the mouse said, \u201c<b>It\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0raining,\u201d it accidentally dropped\u00a0<b>its<\/b>\u00a0umbrella.<\/li>\n<li><b>Its<\/b>\u00a0tiny little feet skitter downstairs because\u00a0<b>it\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0morning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Their\/There\/They\u2019re\n<ul>\n<li><b>Their<\/b>\u00a0refers to the objects belonging to a group of people.<\/li>\n<li><b>There<\/b>\u00a0is a location, usually some distance from the speaker.<\/li>\n<li><b>They\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0is the shorter way to say \u201cThey are.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li>Over\u00a0<b>there<\/b>, where\u00a0<b>they\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0sitting, is where\u00a0<b>their<\/b>\u00a0coats belong.<\/li>\n<li><b>Their<\/b>\u00a0trombones fell down over\u00a0<b>there<\/b>, but\u00a0<b>they\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0not picking them up.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>To\/Two\/Too\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T<\/strong><b>o<\/b>\u00a0will\u00a0either be before a verb or an object, depending on how you\u2019re using it.\n<ul>\n<li>My son and I are going\u00a0<strong>to<\/strong>\u00a0the playground\u00a0<strong>to\u00a0<\/strong>play basketball.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Two<\/b>\u00a0is the number between one and three.<\/li>\n<li><b>Too<\/b>\u00a0means \u201calso\u201d or \u201cexcessively.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li><b>To<\/b>\u00a0get\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0work on time, set your alarm clock for\u00a0<b>two<\/b>\u00a0o\u2019clock,\u00a0<b>too<\/b>.<\/li>\n<li><b>Two<\/b>\u00a0rabbits were\u00a0<b>too<\/b>\u00a0late for school\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0catch the bus, so they went back\u00a0<b>to<\/b>\u00a0bed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Where\/Were\/We\u2019re\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Where\u00a0<\/strong>asks about the location of something.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Were\u00a0<\/strong>is the past tense of\u00a0<strong>are.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>We\u2019re<\/strong>\u00a0means\u00a0<strong>we are.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Where<\/strong>\u00a0are my keys?<\/li>\n<li>They\u00a0<strong>were<\/strong>\u00a0on the counter.<\/li>\n<li><strong>We\u2019re\u00a0<\/strong>going to have to search for them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Whose\/Who\u2019s\n<ul>\n<li><b>Whose<\/b>\u00a0asks to whom the object belongs.<\/li>\n<li><b>Who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0is the short way to say \u201cwho is.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li><b>Whose<\/b>\u00a0jacket is that, and\u00a0<b>who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0picking it up?<\/li>\n<li><b>Who\u2019s<\/b>\u00a0the one responsible for this mess, and\u00a0<b>whose<\/b>\u00a0stuff is spread all over the place<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Your\/You\u2019re\n<ul>\n<li><b>Your<\/b>\u00a0refers to something belonging to you.<\/li>\n<li><b>You\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0is the short way to say \u201cyou are.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>Examples:\n<ul>\n<li><b>You\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0the one who dropped\u00a0<b>your<\/b>\u00a0soup.<\/li>\n<li><b>Your<\/b>\u00a0mom said\u00a0<b>you\u2019re<\/b>\u00a0in a lot of trouble!<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<section class=\"textbox tryIt\" aria-label=\"Try It\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36066\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36066&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36066&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36067\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36067&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36067&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36068\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36068&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36068&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36069\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36069&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36069&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36070\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36070&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36070&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36071\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36071&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36071&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36072\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36072&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36072&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36073\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36073&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36073&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36074\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36074&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36074&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36075\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.one.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=36075&theme=lumen&iframe_resize_id=ohm36075&source=tnh&show_question_numbers\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm36076\" class=\"resizable\" 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